References

• Berinsky AJ (2017) Rumors and healthcare reform: Experiments in political misinformation. British J. Political Sci. 47(2):241–262.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bolsen T, Druckman JN (2015) Counteracting the politicization of science. J. Comm. 65(5):745–769.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bronstein M, Pennycook G, Bear A, Rand DG, Cannon T (2019) Belief in fake news is associated with delusionality, dogmatism, religious fundamentalism, and reduced analytic thinking. J. Appl. Res. Memory Cognition 8(1):108–117.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chan MS, Jones CR, Hall Jamieson K, Albarracín D (2017) Debunking: A meta-analysis of the psychological efficacy of messages countering misinformation. Psych. Sci. 28(11):1531–1546.Google Scholar
• Clayton K, Blair S, Busam JA, Forstner S, Glance J, Green G, Kawata A, et al.. (2019) Real solutions for fake news? Measuring the effectiveness of general warnings and fact-check tags in reducing belief in false stories on social media. Political Behav., ePub ahead of print February 11, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-019-09533-0.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cook J, Lewandowsky S, Ecker UKH (2017) Neutralizing misinformation through inoculation: Exposing misleading argumentation techniques reduces their influence. PLoS One 12(5):e0175799.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Coppock A (2018) Generalizing from survey experiments conducted on Mechanical Turk: A replication approach. Political Sci. Res. Methods 7(3):613–628.Google Scholar
• Ecker UKH, Lewandowsky S, Tang DTW (2010) Explicit warnings reduce but do not eliminate the continued influence of misinformation. Memory Cognition 38(8):1087–1100.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Flynn D, Nyhan B, Reifler J (2016) The nature and origins of misperceptions: Understanding false and unsupported beliefs about politics. Adv. Political Psych. 38(S1):127–150.Google Scholar
• Garrett RK, Weeks BE (2013) The promise and peril of real-time corrections to political misperceptions. Proc. 2013 Conf. Comput. Support. Coop. Work (ACM Press, New York), 1047–1058.Google Scholar
• Horton J, Rand D, Zeckhauser R (2011) The online laboratory: Conducting experiments in a real labor market. Experiment. Econom. 14(3):399–425.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Judd CM, Westfall J, Kenny DA (2012) Treating stimuli as a random factor in social psychology: A new and comprehensive solution to a pervasive but largely ignored problem. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 103(1):54–69.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kahan DM (2017) Misconceptions, misinformation, and the logic of identity-protective cognition. Cultural Cognition Project Working Paper 164, Yale University, New Haven, CT.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kahan DM, Peters E, Wittlin M, Slovic P, Ouellette LL, Braman D, Mandel G (2012) The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks. Nature Climate Change 2(10):732–735.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Krupnikov Y, Levine A (2014) Cross-sample comparisons and external validity. J. Experiment. Political Sci. 1(1):59–80.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lazer DMJ, Baum MA, Benkler J, Berinsky AJ, Greenhill KM, Metzger M, Menczer F, et al.. (2018) The science of fake news. Science 359(6380):1094–1096.Google Scholar
• Lewandowsky S, Ecker UKH, Seifert CM, Schwarz N, Cook J (2012) Misinformation and its correction: Continued influence and successful debiasing. Psych. Sci. Public Interest 13(3):106–131.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mosleh M, Pennycook G, Rand D (2019) Self-reported willingness to share political news articles in online surveys correlates with actual sharing on Twitter. Working paper, MIT Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
• Mosseri A (2016) Building a better news feed for you. Facebook Newsroom (blog), June 29, http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2016/06/building-a-better-news-feed-for-you/.Google Scholar
• Mullinix K, Leeper T, Druckman J, Freese J (2015) The generalizability of survey experiments. J. Experiment. Political Sci. 2(2):109–138.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nyhan B, Reifler J (2010) When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behav. 32(2):303–330.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nyhan B, Reifler J, Ubel PA (2013) The hazards of correcting myths about healthcare reform. Medical Care 51(2):127–132.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nyhan B, Porter E, Reifler J, Wood TJ (2019) Taking fact-checks literally but not seriously? The effects of journalistic fact-checking on factual beliefs and candidate favorability. Political Behav., ePub ahead of print January 21, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-019-09528-x.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pennycook G, Rand DG (2019a) Fighting misinformation on social media using crowdsourced judgments of news source quality. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 116(7):2521–2526.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pennycook G, Rand DG (2019b) Lazy, not biased: Susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning. Cognition 188(July):39–50.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pennycook G, Rand DG (2019c) Who falls for fake news? The roles of bullshit receptivity, overclaiming, familiarity, and analytic thinking. J. Personality, ePub ahead of print March 31, https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12476.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Schaffner BF, Roche C (2016) Misinformation and motivated reasoning: Responses to economic news in a politicized environment. Public Opinion Quart. 81(1):86–110.Google Scholar
• Shalvi S, Dana J, Handgraaf MJJ, De Dreu CKW (2011) Justified ethicality: Observing desired counterfactuals modifies ethical perceptions and behavior. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 115(2):181–190.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shalvi S, Gino F, Barkan R, Ayal S (2015) Self-serving justifications: Doing wrong and feeling moral. Current Directions Psych. Sci. 24(2):125–130.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Silverman C (2017) Facebook says its fact checking program helps reduce the spread of a fake story by 80%. Buzzfeed News (blog), October 11, https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/facebook-just-shared-the-first-data-about-how-effective-its?utm_term=.nujMkKrND#.jql1pDN7y.Google Scholar
• Tappin BM, Pennycook G, Rand D (2019) Rethinking the link between cognitive sophistication and politically motivated reasoning. Working paper, MIT Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
• van der Linden S, Leiserowitz A, Maibach E (2018) Scientific agreement can neutralize politicization of facts. Nature Human Behav. 2(1):2–3.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wood T, Porter E (2018) The elusive backfire effect: Mass attitudes’ steadfast factual adherence. Political Behav. 41(1):135–163.Crossref, Google Scholar