Maximizing the Out-of-Sample Sharpe Ratio

We derive analytical expressions for the expectation and variance of the out-of-sample Sharpe ratio of sample mean-variance portfolios, which allows us to design portfolio strategies with an optimal Sharpe ratio under estimation risk. This problem is mathematically more challenging than maximizing the out-of-sample utility, the standard objective in the literature on portfolio choice with estimation risk. When a risk-free asset is available, we show that maximizing the expected out-of-sample utility approximately—but not exactly—optimizes the expected out-of-sample Sharpe ratio. The two objectives, however, differ in the common setting with a full investment in risky assets. In this case, we derive the fully invested mean-variance portfolio that maximizes the expected out-of-sample Sharpe ratio, along with a robust version that penalizes the Sharpe ratio variance. Using simulated and empirical data, we find that our portfolio rules generally deliver a superior out-of-sample Sharpe ratio relative to the benchmarks. In particular, across different empirical configurations, an equally weighted combination of our four strategies delivers on average an annualized out-of-sample Sharpe ratio of 0.891 and 0.847 before and after transaction costs, respectively, compared with 0.760 and 0.732 for the global minimum-variance portfolio with nonlinear shrinkage and 0.802 and 0.728 for a fully invested MAXSER portfolio.

Funding: This work was supported by the Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique [Grant J.0135.25].

Supplemental Material: All supplemental materials, including the code, data, and files required to reproduce the results, are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2025.2500.