Gender Inequality and Product Choice: Evidence from the Weinstein Scandal and #MeToo

References

• Adut A (2005) A theory of scandal: Victorians, homosexuality, and the fall of Oscar Wilde. Amer. J. Sociol. 111(1):213–248. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Banet-Weiser S (2018) Empowered: Popular Feminism and Popular Misogyny (Duke University Press, Durham, NC).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Barlow R (2018) Why medical research often ignores women. BU Today. Accessed June 2021, http://www.bu.edu/today/2014/why-medical-research-often-ignores-women.Google Scholar
• Barnett ML, King AA (2008) Good fences make good neighbors: A longitudinal analysis of an industry self-regulatory institution. Acad. Management J. 51(6):1150–1170. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bellet C, Dubois D, Godart F (2025) Do consumers respond to social movements? Evidence from gender-stereotypical purchases after #MeToo. Management Sci. 71(6):4915–4941.Google Scholar
• Bem S (1974) The measurement of psychological androgyny. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 42(2):155–162.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Calder-Wang S, Gompers P, Sweeney P (2021) Venture capital’s ‘Me Too’ moment. Working Paper No. 28679, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
• Cao R, Koning R, Nanda R (2020) Biased sampling of early users and the direction of startup innovation. Harvard Business School Working Paper No. 21-059, Harvard University, Boston.Google Scholar
• Coffman KB (2014) Evidence on self-stereotyping and the contribution of ideas. Quart. J. Econom. 129(4):1625–1660.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Correll SJ (2001) Gender and the career choice process: The role of biased self-assessments. Amer. J. Sociol. 106(6):1691–1730.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Correll S, Ridgeway C (2006) Expectation states theory. Delamater J. ed. Handbook of Social Psychology, Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research, vol. 1 (Springer, Boston).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Criado-Perez C (2019) Invisible Women: Data Bias in a World Designed for Men (Abrams Press, New York).Google Scholar
• Devers CE, Dewett T, Mishina Y, Belsito CA (2009) A general theory of organizational stigma. Organ. Sci. 20(1):154–171. Link, Google Scholar
• Devlin J, Chang MW, Lee K, Toutanova K (2019) BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. Proc. 2019 Conf. North Amer. Chapter Assoc. Comput. Linguistics: Human Language Tech., vol. 1 (Association for Computational Linguistics, Minneapolis), 4171–4186.Google Scholar
• Dickert S, Slovic P (2009) Attentional mechanisms in the generation of sympathy. Judgment Decision Making 4(4):297–306. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dobbin F, Kalev A (2017) Training programs and reporting systems won’t end sexual harassment. Promoting more women will. Harvard Bus. Rev. (November 15), https://hbr.org/2017/11/training-programs-and-reporting-systems-wont-end-sexual-harassment-promoting-more-women-will.Google Scholar
• Dusenbery M (2018) Doing Harm: The Truth about How Bad Medicine and Lazy Science Leave Women Dismissed, Misdiagnosed, and Sick (HarperOne, New York).Google Scholar
• Einiö E, Feng J, Jaravel X (2026) Social push and the direction of innovation. Amer. Econom. Rev. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Mateo I, Fernandez RM (2016) Bending the pipeline? Executive search and gender inequality in hiring for top management jobs. Management Sci. 62(12):3636–3655. Link, Google Scholar
• Fine GA (1997) Scandal, social conditions, and the creation of public attention: Fatty Arbuckle and the “Problem of Hollywood”. Soc. Problems 44(3):297–323.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fiske ST, Glick P (1995) Ambivalence and stereotypes cause sexual harassment: A theory with implications for organizational change. J. Soc. Issues 51(1):97–115.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fiske ST, Taylor SE (1991) Social Cognition (McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Flammer C (2012) Corporate social responsibility and shareholder reaction: The environmental awareness of investors. Acad. Management J. 56(3):758–781. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Galasso A, Luo H (2021) Risk-mitigating technologies: The case of radiation diagnostic devices. Management Sci. 67(5):3022–3040.Link, Google Scholar
• Gertsberg M (2022) The unintended consequences of #MeToo: Evidence from research collaborations. Working paper, University of Melbourne, Parkville.Google Scholar
• Glick P, Fiske S (2001) An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. Amer. Psychol. 56(2):109–118. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Goffman E (1963) Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (Simon & Schuster, New York).Google Scholar
• Gompers PA, Wang SQ (2017) Diversity in innovation. NBER Working Paper No. 23082, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
• Gutek BA (1985) Sex and the Workplace (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco).Google Scholar
• Guzman J, Kacperczyk A (2019) Gender gap in entrepreneurship. Res. Policy 48(7):1666–1680. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Haidt J (2003) The moral emotions. Davidson R, Scherer K, Goldsmith H, eds. Handbook of Affective Sciences (Oxford University Press, New York).Google Scholar
• Hebert C (2026) Gender stereotypes and entrepreneur financing. Rev. Financial Stud. 39(7):1970–2017.Google Scholar
• Heilman ME (1983) Sex bias in work settings: The lack of fit model. Res. Organ. Behav. 5:269–298.Google Scholar
• Iacus SM, King G, Porro G (2012) Causal inference without balance checking: Coarsened exact matching. Political Anal. 20(1):1–24. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ingram P, Yue LQ, Rao H (2010) Trouble in store: Probes, protests, and store openings by Wal-Mart, 1998-2007. Amer. J. Sociol. 116(1):53–92.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jensen M (2006) Should we stay or should we go? Accountability, status anxiety, and client defections. Admin. Sci. Quart. 51(1):97–128. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jonsson S, Greve HR, Fujiwara-Greve T (2009) Undeserved loss: The spread of legitimacy loss to innocent organizations in response to reported corporate deviance. Admin. Sci. Quart. 54(2):195–228.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kanze D, Conley MA, Okimoto TG, Phillips DJ, Merluzzi J (2020) Evidence that investors penalize female founders for lack of industry fit. Sci. Adv. 6(48):eabd7664.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Koning R, Samila S, Ferguson JP (2020) Inventor gender and the direction of invention. AEA Papers Proc. 110:250–254. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Koning R, Samila S, Ferguson JP (2021) Who do we invent for? Patents by women focus more on women’s health, but few women get to invent. Science 372(6548):1345–1348. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Levy R, Mattsson M (2026) The effects of social movements: Evidence from #MeToo. Rev. Econom. Statist. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
• Lins KV, Roth L, Servaes H, Tamay A (2024) Does corporate culture add value? Evidence from the Harvey Weinstein scandal and the #MeToo movement. Sexism, culture, and firm value: Evidence from the harvey weinstein scandal and the #MeToo movement. J. Accounting Res. 62:1989–2035.Google Scholar
• Loewenstein G, Small DA (2007) The Scarecrow and the Tin Man: The vicissitudes of human sympathy and caring. Rev. General Psych. 11(2):112–126. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Luo H, Zhang L (2022) Scandal, social movement, and change: Evidence from #MeToo in Hollywood. Management Sci. 68(2):1278–1296.Link, Google Scholar
• Luo H, Macher J, Wahlen M (2021) Judgment aggregation in creative production: Evidence from the movie industry. Management Sci. 67(10):6358–6377.Link, Google Scholar
• Marquis C, Qian C (2014) Corporate social responsibility reporting in China: Symbol or substance? Organ. Sci. 25(1):127–148.Link, Google Scholar
• McCarthy JD, Zald MN (1977) Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. Amer. J. Sociol. 82(6):1212–1241. Crossref, Google Scholar
• McDonnell MH, King B (2013) Keeping up appearances: Reputational threat and impression management after social movement boycotts. Admin. Sci. Quart. 58(3):387–419. Crossref, Google Scholar
• McPherson M, Smith-Lovin L, Cook JM (2001) Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Rev. Sociol. 27(1):415–444.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Michelman V, Msall L (2024) Sex, drugs, and R&D: Missing innovation from regulating female enrollment in clinical trials. Working paper, University of Chicago, Chicago.Google Scholar
• Naumovska I, Lavie D (2021) When an industry peer is accused of financial misconduct: Stigma versus competition effects on non-accused firms. Admin. Sci. Quart. 66(4):1130–1172.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Piazza A, Jourdan J (2018) When the dust settles: The consequences of scandals for organizational competition. Acad. Management J. 61(1):165–190.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pontikes E, Negro G, Rao H (2010) Stained red: A study of stigma by association to blacklisted artists during the “Red Scare” in Hollywood, 1945 to 1960. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 75(3):456–478.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ridgeway CL (1997) Interaction and the conservation of gender inequality: Considering employment. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 62(2):218–235.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sewell WH (1996) Historical events as transformations of structures: Inventing revolution at the bastille. Theory Soc. 25(6):841–881.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shane S (2000) Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organ. Sci. 11(4):448–469.Link, Google Scholar
• Sharkey A (2014) Categories and organizational status: The role of industry status in the response to organizational deviance. Amer. J. Sociol. 119(5):1380–1433. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Smith SL, Choueiti M, Pieper K, Yao K, Case A, Choi A (2020) Inequality in 1,200 popular films: Examining portrayals of gender, race/ethnicity, LGBTQ & disability from 2007 to 2018. Technical Report, USC Annenberg Inclusion Initiative.Google Scholar
• Strinati D (2004) An Introduction to Theories of Popular Culture (Routledge, London).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sugimoto CR, Ni C, West JD, Larivière V (2015) The academic advantage: Gender disparities in patenting. PLoS One 10(5):1–10.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tak E, Correll SJ, Soule SA (2019) Gender inequality in product markets: When and how status beliefs transfer to products. Soc. Forces 98(2):548–577. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tarrow S (1998) Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Truffa F, Wong A (2024) Undergraduate gender diversity and the direction of scientific research. Amer. Econom. Rev. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
• Tuchman G, Daniels AK, Benet J (1978) Hearth and Home: Images of Women in the Mass Media (Oxford University Press, New York).Google Scholar
• Vergne JP (2012) Stigmatized categories and public disapproval of organizations: A mixed-methods study of the global arms industry, 1996–2007. Acad. Management J. 55(5):1027–1052. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Weinreich HM, Jin V, Crowell L, Skovlund SM, Williams QL, Buhimschi IA (2023) Surgical instrument designers and inventors—Where are the women? Amer. Surg. 89(11):4835–4841.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Weinstein ND (1980) Unrealistic optimism about future life events. J. Personality Soc. Psychol. 39(5):806–820.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Welsh S (1999) Gender and sexual harassment. Annual Rev. Sociol. 25(1):169–190.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wu J (2026) Measurement for dummies? Exploring the role of regulatory metrics and firm strategy. Management Sci. 72(8):7118–7133.Google Scholar
• Yue L, Rao H, Ingram P (2013) Informational spillovers from protests against corporations: A tale of Walmart and Target. Admin. Sci. Quart. 58:669–701.Crossref, Google Scholar