Cost Effectiveness of On-Site Chlorine Generation for Chlorine Truck Attack Prevention
Published Online:20 Oct 2010https://doi.org/10.1287/deca.1100.0186
References
- Associated Press Chlorine, a key ingredient in terrorist bombs, is easy to buy, undercover police find. New York Times (2008) February 14). http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/14/nyregion/14chlorine.html?ref=nyregionGoogle Scholar
- Mathematical Modeling and Decision Analysis for Terrorism Defense: Assessing Chlorine Truck Attack Consequence and Countermeasure Cost Effectiveness (2009) (Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh) Google Scholar
- EPA can improve implementation of the risk management program for airborne chemical releases. (2009) . Report 09-P-0092, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
- , Bier V. M., Azaiez M. N. Why both game theory and reliability theory are important in defending infrastructure against intelligent attacks. Game Theoretic Risk Analysis of Security Threats (2009) (Springer, New York) 1–11Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Kroschwitz J. I., Howe-Grant M., Siegel P. M., Chlorine. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (2001) 6(Wiley, New York) 130–211Google Scholar
- A national risk assessment for selected hazardous materials in transportation. (2000) . Report ANL/DIS-01-1, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, ILGoogle Scholar
- Mixed levels of uncertainty in complex policy models. Risk Anal. (1999) 19(1):33–42Crossref, Google Scholar
- Chemical Market Associates Inc. (CMAI) 2006 world chlor-alkali analysis. (2005) . Report, Chemical Market Associates Inc., HoustonGoogle Scholar
- CHEMinfo Services A technical and socio-economic comparison of options to products derived from the chlor-alkali industry. (1997) . Prepared by CHEMinfo Services Inc. for Environment Canada, Toronto, OntarioGoogle Scholar
- Chlorine Institute Pamphlet 10: North American chlor-alkali industry plants and production data report-2006. (2007) (Chlorine Institute, Arlington, VA) Google Scholar
- Analytica user guide. (2007) (Lumina Decision Systems, Los Gatos, CA) Google Scholar
- (2008) . Testimony of Brad Coffey, Water Treatment Manager, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, on behalf of the Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies, on June 12, 2008, to the Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Environment and Hazardous Materials, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
- Some limitations of “Risk = Threat × Vulnerability × Consequence” for risk analysis of terrorist attacks. Risk Anal. (2008) 28(6):1749–1761Crossref, Google Scholar
- Improving risk-based decision making for terrorism applications. Risk Anal. (2009) 29(3):336–341Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2009) . Statement of Marty Durbin, Vice President of Federal Affairs of the American Chemistry Council, before the United States House of Representatives Homeland Security Committee legislative hearing on the Chemical Facility Antiterrorism Act of 2009, June 16, http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20090616103444-76472.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Vulnerability model: A simulation system for assessing damage resulting from marine spills. (1975) . Report CG-D-136-75, Enviro Control Inc., Rockville, MDGoogle Scholar
- Energy Information Administration Electric power annual 2006. (2007) . Report, Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
- (2005) . Statement of Richard A. Falkenrath, Visiting Fellow of The Brookings Institution, before the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, April 27, http://hsgac.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.View&FileStore_id=24dca81e-7a4c-4ff9-b0e7-dc2b0825c771Google Scholar
- The economics of homeland security expenditures: Foundational expected cost-effectiveness approaches. Contemporary Econom. Policy (2007) 25(1):14–26Crossref, Google Scholar
- The benefit-cost analysis of security-focused regulations. J. Homeland Security Emergency Management (2009) 6(1). http://www.bepress.com/jhsem/vol6/iss1/25/Crossref, Google Scholar
- Federal Rail Administration U.S. Department of transportation interim final rule: Enhancing rail transportation safety and security for hazardous materials shipments. (2008) . Federal Rail Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
- Greenpeace Toxic chemical threats. (2005) (Greenpeace USA, Washington, DC) . http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/toxics/toxic-chemical-threatsGoogle Scholar
- , Routt J. C. Tempe, AZ on-site generation of 0.8% sodium hypochlorite. Gaseous chlorine and its alternatives (2007) (Webcast, Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies, Washington, DC) 36–43 http://www.amwa.net/cs/securityGoogle Scholar
- Consequence analysis of a NaOH solution spray release during addition to waste tank. (1996) . Report, Westinghouse Hanford Company, Richland, WAGoogle Scholar
- Gearing up and getting there: Improving local response to chemical terrorism. (2004) . Doctoral Dissertation RGSD-181, Pardee RAND Graduate School, Santa Monica, CAGoogle Scholar
- Calculating risks. Mech. Engrg. (2005) 127(1):40–41Crossref, Google Scholar
- ICIS Chemical Business (ICB) Chemical profile: Chlorine. (2006) . Report, ICIS Chemical Business, Reed Business Information, Surrey, UK. http://www.icis.com/Articles/2006/05/13/2014035/Chemical-Profile-Chlorine.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Accident epidemiology and the RMP rule: Learning from a decade of accident history data for the US chemical industry. (2007) . Report, Risk Management and Decision Processes Center, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaGoogle Scholar
- Salt. (1997) . Report, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/salt/580497.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Salt. USGS Minerals Yearbook (1999) (U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA) . http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/salt/580499.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Salt. USGS Minerals Yearbook (2001) (U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA) . http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/salt/saltmyb01.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Salt. USGS Minerals Yearbook (2003) (U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA) . http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/salt/salt_myb03.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Salt. USGS Minerals Yearbook (2005) (U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA) . http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/salt/salt_myb05.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Salt. USGS Minerals Yearbook (2006) (U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA) . http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/salt/myb1-2006-salt.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Salt. (2008) . Report, Mineral Commodity Summaries. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/salt/mcs-2008-salt.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Interdependent security. J. Risk Uncertainty (2003) 26(2/3):231–249Crossref, Google Scholar
- The economics of security externalities. Amer. Econom. Assoc. 2008 Annual Meeting (2008) New Orleans http://www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_papers/2008/2008_175.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Insurance, self-protection, and the economics of terrorism. J. Public Econom. (2005) 89(9–10):1891–1905Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2005) . Statement of Richard G. Lugar, U.S. Senator for Indiana. The Lugar survey on proliferation threats and responses. U.S. Senate, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
- , Richardson H. W., Gordon P., Moore J. E. Evaluating the viability of 100 per cent container inspection at America's ports. The Economic Impacts of Terrorist Attacks (2005) (Edward Elgar, Northampton, MA) 218–241Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Routt J. C. Self-generated 12% sodium hypochlorite—DMWW. Gaseous chlorine and its alternatives (2007) (Webcast, Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies, Washington, DC) 21–28 http://www.amwa.net/cs/securityGoogle Scholar
- Uncertainty: A Guide to Dealing with Uncertainty in Quantitative Risk and Policy Analysis (1990) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK) Crossref, Google Scholar
- National Research Council Department of homeland security bioterrorism risk assessment: A call for change. Committee on methodological improvements to the Department of Homeland Security's biological agent risk analysis. (2008) . Report, National Research Council, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
- Handbook of Chlor-Alkali Technology (2005) (Springer, New York) Crossref, Google Scholar
- Toxic trains and the terrorist threat: How water utilities can get chlorine gas off the rails and out of American communities. (2007) . Report, Center for American Progress, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
- Chemical security 101: What you don't have can't leak, or be blown up by terrorists. (2008) . Report, Center for American Progress, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
- Inherently safer technology: An evolutionary approach. Process Safety Progress (2006) 25(2):116–119Crossref, Google Scholar
- Intelligent adversary risk analysis: A bioterrorism risk management model. Risk Anal. (2009) 30(1):32–48Crossref, Google Scholar
- Survey of ventilation rates in office buildings. Building Res. Inform. (2006) 34(5):459–466Crossref, Google Scholar
- Critical infrastructure protection decision support system chemical threat capabilities case study: Summary report. (2007) . LA-UR-07-2382, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NMGoogle Scholar
- Dangerous dozen: A look at how 12 chemical companies jeopardize millions of Americans. (2004) . Report, U.S. Public Interest Research Group, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
- , Routt J. C. SNWA on-site generation of 0.8% sodium hypochlorite. Gaseous chlorine and its alternatives (2007) (Webcast, Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies, Washington, DC) 44–50 http://www.amwa.net/cs/securityGoogle Scholar
- Rijnmond Public Authority (RPA) Industrial comment 19: Value of toxicity assessment model used in the COVO study. (1982) (Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands) 696–699COVO Steering Committee, ed. Risk analysis of six potentially hazardous industrial objects in the Rijnmond area, a pilot study: A report to the Rijnmond Public AuthorityGoogle Scholar
- How US government agencies value mortality risk reductions. Rev. Environ. Econom. Policy (2007) 1(2):183–200Google Scholar
- Valuing mortality risk reductions in homeland security regulatory analyses. (2008) . Prepared for U.S. Customs and Border Protection, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
- Valuing the risk of death from terrorist attacks. J. Homeland Security Emergency Management (2010) 7(1). http://www.bepress.com/jhsem/vol7/iss1/14/Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Walter G., Elvers B., Noethe H. Chlorine. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (2006) (Wiley, New York) Crossref, Google Scholar
- NYPD chlorine sting exposes dangers. Homeland Security Today (2008) February 14). http://www.hstoday.us/content/view/1843/128/Google Scholar
- Security of chemicals in a new era: Preventing the use of industrial chemicals as weapons against the public. Internat. Conf. Workshop on Risk, Reliability, and Security (2002) (Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Jacksonville, FL) 297–310Google Scholar
- Evidence that monochloramine disinfectant could lead to elevated Pb levels in drinking water. Environ. Sci. Tech. (2006) 40(10):3384–3387Crossref, Google Scholar
- Pandora's Poison: Chlorine, Health and a New Environmental Strategy (2000) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer price index inflation calculator. (2008) (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC) . http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htmGoogle Scholar
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Chemical facility anti-terrorism standards interim final rule. (2007) (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC) . http://www.dhs.gov/files/laws/gc_1166796969417.shtmGoogle Scholar
- U.S. Department of Transportation Hazardous materials: Security requirements for offerors and transporters of hazardous materials; Final rule. (2003) (Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Transportation) Google Scholar
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Risk management program database. (2008) (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC) Google Scholar
- U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) Wastewater facilities: Experts' views on how federal funds should be spent to improve security. (2005) . Report GAO-05-165, U.S. Government Accountability Office, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
- U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) Securing wastewater facilities: Costs of vulnerability assessments, risk management plans, and alternative disinfection methods vary widely. (2007) . Report GAO-07-480, U.S. Government Accountability Office, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
- U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-4, Regulatory analysis. (2003) (U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC) Google Scholar
- Should we protect commercial airplanes against surface-to-air missile attacks by terrorists? Decision Anal. (2006) 3(2):63–75Link, Google Scholar
- Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants (1999) (Wiley, New York) Google Scholar

