Is Out of Sight, Out of Mind? An Empirical Study of Social Loafing in Technology-Supported Groups

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1050.0051

References

  • Belanger F., Watson-Manheim M. B., Jordan D. H. Aligning IS research and practice: A research agenda for virtual work. Inform. Resources Management J. (2002) 15(3):48–70CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Brewer N. The effects of monitoring individual and group performance on the distribution of effort across tasks. J. Appl. Soc. Psych. (1995) 25:760–777CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Cartwright D., Zander A.Group Dynamics (1968) 3rd ed.(Row & Peterson, Evanston, IL) Google Scholar
  • Cass K., Heintz T. J., Kaiser K. M. An investigation of satisfaction when using a voice-synchronous DGSS in dispersed meetings. Inform. Management (1992) 23(4):172–182CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Chesbrough H. W., Teece D. J. When is virtual virtuous? Organizing for innovation. Harvard Bus. Rev. (1996) 74(1):65–73Google Scholar
  • Chidambaram L. Relational development in computer-supported groups. MIS Quart. (1996) 20(2):143–163CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Chidambaram L., Jones B. Impact of communication medium and computer support on group performance: A comparison of face-to-face and dispersed meetings. MIS Quart. (1993) 17(4):465–491CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Connolly T., Routhieaux R. L., Schneider S. K. On the effectiveness of group brainstorming: Test of one underlying cognitive mechanism. Small Group Res. (1993) 24(4):490–503CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Dennis A. R., Valacich J. Electronic brainstorming: Illusions and patterns of productivity. Inform. Systems Res. (1999) 10(4):375–377LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Dennis A. R., Valacich J., Nunamaker J. F. An experimental investigation of the effects of group size in an electronic meeting environment. IEEE Trans. Systems, Man and Cybernetics (1990) 20(5):1049–1057CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Dennis A. R., Wixom B. H., Vandenberg R. J. Understanding fit and appropriation effects in group support systems via meta-analysis. MIS Quart. (2001) 25(2):167–194CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Dennis A. R., George J. F., Jessup L. M., Nunamaker J. F., Vogel D. R. Information technology to support electronic meetings. MIS Quart. (1988) 12(4):591–624CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • DeSanctis G., Monge P. Introduction to the special issue: Communication processes for virtual organizations. Organ. Sci. (1999) 10(6):693–703LinkGoogle Scholar
  • DeSanctis G., Poole M. S., Dickson G., Neale M. A., Mannix E. A., Griffith T. L. Teams and technology: Interactions over time. Research on Managing Groups and Teams: Technology (2000) (JAI Press, Stamford, CT) CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Driver M. J., Streufert S. Integrative complexity: An approach to individuals and groups as information-processing systems. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1969) 14(2):272–285CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Eagly A. H.Sex Differences in Social Behavior: A Social Role Interpretation (1987) (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ) Google Scholar
  • Fellers J. The effect of group size and computer support on group idea generation for creativity tasks: An experimental evaluation using a repeated measures design. (1989) . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington, INGoogle Scholar
  • Festinger L., Pepitone A., Newcomb T. Some consequences of deindividuation in a group. J. Abnormal Soc. Psych. (1952) 47:382–389CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Frank F., Anderson L. R. Effects of task and group size upon group productivity and member satisfaction. Sociometry (1971) 34(1):135–149CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gabrenya W. K., Wang Y. E., Latané B. Social loafing on an optimizing task: Cross-cultural differences among Chinese and Americans. J. Cross-cultural Psych. (1985) 16(2):223–242CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gallupe B. R., McKeen J. D. Enhancing computer-mediated communication: An experimental investigation into the use of a group decision support system for face-to-face versus remote meetings. Inform. Management (1990) 18(1):1–13CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gallupe R. B., Dennis A. R., Cooper W. H., Valacich J. S., Bastianutti L. M., Nunamaker J. F. Group size and electronic brainstorming. Acad. Management J. (1992) 35(2):350–369CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Griffith T. L., Sawyer J. E., Neale M. A. Virtualness and knowledge in teams: Managing the love triangle of organizations, individuals, and information technology. MIS Quart. (2003) 27(2):265–287CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Grisé M. L., Gallupe R. B. Information overload: Addressing the productivity paradox. J. MIS (1999–2000) 16(3):157–186Google Scholar
  • Guerin B. Mere presence effects in humans: A review. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. (1986) 22:38–77CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Guerin B. Social behaviors as determined by different arrangements of social consequences: Social loafing, social facilitation, deindividuation, and a modified social loafing. Psych. Record (1999) 49:565–578CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hall J. Decisions, decisions, decisions. Psych. Today (1971) November):51–5486, 88Google Scholar
  • Hare A. P. A study of interaction and consensus in different sized groups. Amer. Sociological Rev. (1952) 17:261–267CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hare A. P.Handbook of Small Group Research (1976) 2nd ed.(Free Press, New York) Google Scholar
  • Harkins S. G., Petty R. E. Effects of task difficulty and task uniqueness on social loafing. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1982) 43:1214–1229CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Harkins S. G., Szymanski K. Social loafing and group evaluation. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1989) 56:934–941CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hirokawa R. Group communication and problem solving effectiveness: An investigation of group phases. Human Comm. Res. (1983) 9:291–305CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hirokawa R., Pace R. A descriptive investigation of the possible communication-based reasons for effective and ineffective group decision making. Comm. Monographs (1983) 50:363–379CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hollingshead A. B., McGrath J. E., O'Connor K. M. Group task performance and communication technology: A longitudinal study of computer-mediated versus face-to-face workgroups. Small Group Res. (1993) 24(3):303–333CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Jackson J. M., Williams K. D. Social loafing on difficult tasks: Working collectively can improve performance. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1985) 49:937–942CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Jarvenpaa S. L., Leidner D. E. Communication and trust in global virtual teams. Organ. Sci. (1999) 10(6):791–815LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Jessup L. M., Tansik D. A. Group decision making in an automated environment: The effects of anonymity and proximity with a group decision support system. Decision Sci. (1991) 22(1):266–279CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Jessup L. M., Connolly T., Galegher J. The effects of anonymity on group process in automated group problem solving. MIS Quart. (1990) 14(3):312–321CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Jones G. R. Task visibility, free riding, and shirking: Explaining the effect of structure and technology on employee behavior. Acad. Management Rev. (1984) 9:684–695CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Karau S. J., Williams K. D. Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1993) 65(4):681–706CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Keller R. T. Predictors of the performance of project groups in R&D organizations. Acad. Management J. (1986) 29:715–725CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kelly J. R., Karau S. J. Group decision making: The effects of initial preferences and time pressure. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. (1999) 25(11):1342–1354CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kerr N. L., Bruun S. Ringelmann revisited: Alternative explanations for the social loafing effect. J. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. (1981) 7:224–231CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kidwell R. E., Bennett N. Employee propensity to withhold effort: A conceptual model to intersect three avenues of research. Acad. Management Rev. (1993) 18:429–456CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kravitz D. A., Martin B. Ringelmann rediscovered: The original article. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1986) 50:936–941CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Latané B. The psychology of social impact. Amer. Psych. (1981) 36:343–356CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Latané B., Williams K., Harkins S. Many hands make light work: The causes and consequences of social loafing. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1979) 37:822–832CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Löhmuller J. B.Latent Variable Path Modeling with Partial Least Squares (1989) (Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany) CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Majchrzak A., Malhotra A., Stamps J., Lipnack J. Can absence make a team grow stronger? Harvard Bus. Rev. (2004) 82(5):131–137Google Scholar
  • Miranda S. M., Bostrom R. P. The impact of group support systems on group conflict and conflict management. J. MIS (1993) 10(2):63–96Google Scholar
  • Monge P. R., Rothman L. W., Eisenberg E. M., Miller K. I., Kirste K. K. The dynamics of organizational proximity. Management Sci. (1985) 31(9):1129–1141LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Osborn A. F.Applied Imagination (1957) revised ed.(Scribner's, New York) Google Scholar
  • Pinsonneault A., Barki H., Gallupe R. B., Hoppen N. Electronic brainstorming: The illusion of productivity. Inform. Systems Res. (1999a) 10(2):110–133LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Pinsonneault A., Barki H., Gallupe R. B., Hoppen N. The illusion of electronic brainstorming productivity: Theoretical and empirical issues. Inform. Systems Res. (1999b) 10(4):378–380LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Powell A. Antecedents and outcomes of team commitment in a global, virtual environment. (2000) . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington, INGoogle Scholar
  • Prince G. M.The Practice of Creativity (1970) (Harper & Row, New York) Google Scholar
  • Robinson S. L., O'Leary-Kelly A. M. Monkey see, monkey do: The influence of work groups on the antisocial behavior of employees. Acad. Management J. (1998) 41(6):658–672CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Scheidel T. M., Hirokawa R. Y., Poole M. S. Divergent and convergent thinking in group decision-making. Communication and Group Decision-Making (1986) (Sage Publishing, Beverly Hills, CA) 113–130Google Scholar
  • Shaw M. E.Group Dynamics: The Psychology of Small Group Behavior (1981) 3rd ed.(McGraw-Hill, New York) Google Scholar
  • Shepherd M. M., Briggs R. O., Reinig B. A., Yen J., Nunamaker J. F. Invoking social comparison to improve electronic brainstorming: Beyond anonymity. J. Management Inform. Systems (1995–1996) 12(3):155–170CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Simon H. A. A behavioral model of rational choice. Quart. J. Econom. (1955) 69:99–118CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Slater P. E. Contrasting correlates of group size. Sociometry (1958) 21:129–139CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Steiner I. D. Models for inferring relationships between group size and potential group productivity. Behavioral Sci. (1966) 11:273–283CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Steiner I. D.Group Process and Productivity (1972) (Academic Press, New York) Google Scholar
  • Streufert S., Streufert S. C.Behavior in a Complex Environment (1978) (Winston and Sons, Washington, D.C) Google Scholar
  • Suleiman J. Influencing social loafing in electronic workgroups. (1998) . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, Athens, GAGoogle Scholar
  • Sussman S., Sproull L. Straight talk: Delivering bad news through electronic communication. Inform. Systems Res. (1999) 10(2):150–166LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Teixeira R.The Disappearing American Voter (1992) (The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C) Google Scholar
  • Thomas E. J., Fink C. F. Effect of group size. Psych. Bull. (1963) 60(4):371–384CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Valacich J. S., Dennis A. R., Nunamaker J. F. Group size and anonymity effects on computer-mediated idea generation. Small Group Res. (1992) 23(1):49–73CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Valacich J. S., George J. F., Nunamaker J. F., Vogel D. R. Physical proximity effects on computer-mediated group idea generation. Small Group Res. (1994) 25(1):83–104CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Valacich J. S., Wheeler B. C., Mennecke B. E., Wachter R. M. The effects of numerical and logical group size on computer-mediated idea generation. Organ. Behavior Human Decision Processes (1995) 62(3):318–329CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Walsh J. P., Maloney N. G., Hinds P., Kiesler S. Computer network use, collaboration structures and productivity. Distributed Work (2002) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) 433–453Google Scholar
  • Walther J. B. Relational aspects of computer-mediated communication: Experimental observations over time. Organ. Sci. (1995) 6(2):186–203LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Watson R. T. A study of group decision support system use in three- and four-person groups for a preference allocation decision. (1987) . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MNGoogle Scholar
  • Wei H. A re-examination of media richness theory: Realizing rich communication in a lean CMC medium. (1997) . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, National University of Singapore, SingaporeGoogle Scholar
  • Weisband S. P., Hinds P., Kiesler S. Maintaining awareness in distributed team collaboration: Implications for leadership and performance. Distributed Work (2002) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) 311–333Google Scholar
  • Weisband S. P., Schneider S. K., Connolly T. Electronic communication and social information: Status salience and status differences. Acad. Management J. (1995) 38(4):1124–1151CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Williams K. D., Karau S. J. Social loafing and social compensation: The effects of expectations of co-worker performance. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1991) 61:570–581CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Williams K. D., Harkins S. G., Latané B. Identifiability as a deterrent to social loafing: Two cheering experiments. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1981) 40:303–311CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Zigurs I., Poole M. S., DeSanctis G. L. A study of influence in computer-mediated decision making. MIS Quart. (1988) 12(4):625–644CrossrefGoogle Scholar
INFORMS site uses cookies to store information on your computer. Some are essential to make our site work; Others help us improve the user experience. By using this site, you consent to the placement of these cookies. Please read our Privacy Statement to learn more.