Through a Glass Darkly: Information Technology Design, Identity Verification, and Knowledge Contribution in Online Communities
Published Online:1 Mar 2007https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1070.0113
References
- Augmenting the organizational memory: A field study of answer garden. ACM Trans. Inform. Systems (1998) 16(3):203–224Crossref, Google Scholar
- The real value of on-line communities. Harvard Bus. Rev. (1996) 74(3):134–141Google Scholar
- The Evolution of Cooperation (1984) (Basic Books, New York) Google Scholar
- The moderator-mediator distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1986) 51(6):1173–1182Crossref, Google Scholar
- Exploring identity in an online environment. Convergence (2001) 7(3):83–102Crossref, Google Scholar
- Toward a more robust theory and measure of social presence: Review and suggested criteria. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual (2003) 12(5):456–482Crossref, Google Scholar
- The experienced “sense” of a virtual community: Characteristics and processes. Database Adv. Inform. Systems (2004) 35(1):65–79Crossref, Google Scholar
- Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: Examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate. MIS Quart. (2005) 29(1):87–111Crossref, Google Scholar
- Structural Equations with Latent Variables (1989) (Wiley, New York) Crossref, Google Scholar
- Going global: Using information technology to advance the competitiveness of the virtual transnational organization. Acad. Management Executive (1998) 12(4):120–128Google Scholar
- Are you ready for social software? (2003) . http://www.darwinmag.com/read/050103/social.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Who is this “we?” Levels of collective identity and self-representation. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1996) 71(1):83–93Crossref, Google Scholar
- Membership size, communication activity, and sustainability: A resource-based model of online social structures. Inform. Systems Res. (2001) 12(4):346–362Link, Google Scholar
- Peron-organization fit, job choice decisions, and organizational entry. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes (1996) 67(3):294–311Crossref, Google Scholar
- Work-family conflict in the organization: Do life role values make a difference? J. Mangement (2000) 26(5):1031–1054Google Scholar
- , Uleman J. S., Bargh J. A. Heuristic and systematic information processing within and beyond the persuasion context. Unintended Thought (1989) (Guilford Press, New York) 212–252Google Scholar
- Self-verification motives at the collective level of self-definition. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (2004) 86(1):77–94Crossref, Google Scholar
- Is out of signt, out of mind? An empirical study of social loafing in technology-supported groups. Inform. System Res. (2005) 16(2):149–168Link, Google Scholar
- Issues and opinion on structural equation modeling. MIS Quart. (1998) 22(1):1–11Crossref, Google Scholar
- A partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: Results from a Monte Carlo simulation study and an electronic-mail emotion/adoption study. Inform. Systems Res. (2003) 14(2):189–217Link, Google Scholar
- Understanding knowledge sharing in virtual communities: An integration of social capital and social cognitive theories. Decision Support Systems (2006) 42(3):1872–1888Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Resnick L. B., Levine J., Teasley S. D. Grounding in communication. Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition (1991) (APA, Washington, D.C.) 127–149Crossref, Google Scholar
- The mediating effects of multidimensional commitment on job satisfaction and intent to leave. J. Organ. Behav. (2000) 21(4):477–486Crossref, Google Scholar
- Effect of anonymity and evaluative tone on idea generation in computer-mediated groups. Management Sci. (1990) 36(6):689–703Link, Google Scholar
- The kindness of strangers: The usefulness of electronic weak ties for technical advice. Organ. Sci. (1996) 7(2):119–135Link, Google Scholar
- Partner verification: Restoring shattered images of our intimates. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1998) 75(2):374–382Crossref, Google Scholar
- A foundation for the study of group decision support systems. Management Sci. (1987) 33(5):589–609Link, Google Scholar
- A social influence model of consumer participation in network- and small-group-based virtual communities. Internat. J. Res. Marketing (2004) 21(3):241–263Crossref, Google Scholar
- Index construction with formative indicators: An alternative to scale development. J. Marketing Res. (2001) 38(2):269–277Crossref, Google Scholar
- Who do you think you are? Personal home pages and self-presentation on the worldwide Web. J. Mass Comm. Quart. (1999) 74(4):646–658Google Scholar
- , Smith M. A., Kollock P. Identity and deception in the virtual community. Communities in Cyberspace (1999) (Routledge, New York) 29–59Google Scholar
- Self-conceptions in India and the United States: A cross-cultural validation of the twenty statement test. Sociol. Quart. (1969) 10(3):341–354Crossref, Google Scholar
- Performance and satisfaction in conflicted interdependent groups: When and how does self-esteem make a difference? Acad. Management J. (2000) 43(4):722–783Crossref, Google Scholar
- Multidimensional constructs in organizational behavior research: An integrative analytical framework. Organ. Res. Methods (2001) 4(2):144–192Crossref, Google Scholar
- Motivating individuals and groups at work: A social identity perspective on leadership and group performance. Acad. Management Rev. (2004) 29(3):459–478Crossref, Google Scholar
- Identity: Youth and Crisis (1968) (W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., London, UK) Google Scholar
- Social translucence: An approach to designing systems that support social processes. Trans. Comput. Human Interface (2000) 7(1):59–83Crossref, Google Scholar
- Social translucence: Designing social infrastructures that make collective activity visible. Comm. ACM (2002) 45(4):40–44Crossref, Google Scholar
- Electronic groups at work. Organ. Sci. (1990) 1(1):41–64Link, Google Scholar
- Internet use in the contemporary media environment. Human Comm. Res. (2001) 27(1):153–181Crossref, Google Scholar
- Two structural equation models: Lisrel and Pls applied to customer exit-voice theory. J. Marketing Res. (1982) 19(11):440–452Crossref, Google Scholar
- Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J. Marketing Res. (1981) 18(1):39–50Crossref, Google Scholar
- Social construction of communication technology. Acad. Management J. (1993) 36(5):921–950Crossref, Google Scholar
- A social information processing model of media use in organizations. Comm. Res. (1987) 14(5):529–552Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Earnshaw R., Vince J. An experimental study of the effect of presence in collaborative virtual environments. Intelligent Agents for Mobile and Virtual Media (2002) (Springer Verlag, London, UK) 113–123Crossref, Google Scholar
- Explaining personal and constraint commitment in close relationships: The role of satisfaction, conflict responses, and relational bond. J. Soc. Personal Relationship (2005) 22(6):757–775Crossref, Google Scholar
- The Presentation of Self in Every Day Life (1959) (Doubleday, New York) Google Scholar
- Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior (1967) (Doubleday, Garden City, NY) Google Scholar
- Gaming: Hiding and revealing in online poker games. ACM Conf. Comput. Supported Cooperative Work (2004) (ACM Press, New York) 370–373Google Scholar
- Net Gain: Expanding Markets through Virtual Communities (1997) (Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA) Google Scholar
- Distinctiveness and consensus: Influence of behavioral information on actors and observers attributions. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1976) 34(3):425–433Crossref, Google Scholar
- The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations (1958) (Wiley, New York) Crossref, Google Scholar
- Motivation of software developers in open source project: An Internet-based survey of contributors to the Linux Kernel. Res. Policy (2003) 32(7):1159–1177Crossref, Google Scholar
- Cultural identity and dynamic construction of the self: Collective duties and individual rights in Chinese and American cultures. Soc. Cognition (2001) 19(3):251–268Crossref, Google Scholar
- Impression formation in cyberspace: Online expectations and offline experiences in text-based virtual communities. J. Comput.-Mediated Comm. (1999) 5(1Crossref, Google Scholar
- Finding others online: Reputation systems for social online spaces. CHI 2002 Conf. Human Factors Comput. Systems (2002) (ACM Press, New York) 447–454Crossref, Google Scholar
- Why do users contribute to firm-hosted user communities? The case of computer-controlled music instruments. Organ. Sci. (2006) 17(1):45–63Link, Google Scholar
- The effects of anonymity on GDSS group process with an idea-generating task. MIS Quart. (1990) 14(3):313–321Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Berkowitz L. From acts to dispositions: The attribution process in social psychology. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (1965) (Academic Press, New York) 219–266Google Scholar
- , Jones E. E., Kanouse D. E., Kelley H. H., Nisbett R. E., Valins S., Weiner B. The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior (1972) (General Learning Press, Morristown, NJ) 79–94Google Scholar
- , Suls J. Toward a general theory of strategic self-presentation. Psychological Perspectives on the Self (1982) (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Hillsdale, NJ) 231–262Google Scholar
- Effects of strategic self-presentation on subsequent self-esteem. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1981) 41(3):407–421Crossref, Google Scholar
- Contributing knowledge to electronic knowledge repositories: An empirical investigation. MIS Quart. (2005) 29(1):113–143Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Jones E. E., Kanouse D. E., Kelley H. H., Nisbett R. E., Valins S., Weiner B. Attribution in social interaction. Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior (1972) (General Learning Press, Morristown, NJ) 1–26Google Scholar
- System design effects on social presence and telepresence in virtual communities. 25th Internat. Conf. Inform. Systems (2004) Washington, D.C.:547–558Google Scholar
- Sense of virtual community: Determinants and the moderating role of the virtual community origin. Internat. J. Electronic Commerce (2003) 8(2):75–93Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Smith M., Kollock P. The economies of online cooperation. Communities in Cyberspace (1999) (Routledge, New York) 220–242Google Scholar
- , Kiesler S. Media use in a global corporation: Electronic mail and organizational knowledge. Culture of the Internet (1997) (Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ) 323–342Google Scholar
- An empirical investigation of self-attitudes. Amer. Sociol. Rev. (1954) 19(1):68–76Crossref, Google Scholar
- The psychology of social impact. Amer. Psychologist (1981) 36(4):343–356Crossref, Google Scholar
- Self-Presentation: Impression Management and Interpersonal Behavior (1996) (Westview Press, Boulder, CO) Google Scholar
- Virtual community informatics: What we know and what we need to know. 35th Hawaii Internat. Conf. System Sci. (2002) (IEEE, Big Island, HI) 2863–2872Crossref, Google Scholar
- Accounting for the effects of accountability. Psych. Bull. (1999) 125(2):255–275Crossref, Google Scholar
- Using social psychology to motivate contributions to online communities. J. Comput.-Mediated Comm. (2005) 10(4Crossref, Google Scholar
- At the heart of it all: The concept of presence. J. Comput. Mediated Comm. (1997) 3(2):1–43Google Scholar
- Think different: Increasing online community participation using uniqueness and group dissimilarity. ACM Conf. Human Factors Comp. Systems (CHI) (2004) (ACM Press, New York) 631–638Crossref, Google Scholar
- A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psych. Methods (2002) 7(1):83–104Crossref, Google Scholar
- Identifying organizational identification. Ed. Psych. Measurement (1992) 52(4):813–825Crossref, Google Scholar
- Cognitive dissonance in groups: The consequences of disagreement. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (2005) 88(1):22–37Crossref, Google Scholar
- Identity negotiation in roommate relationships: The self as architect and consequence of social reality. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1994) 67(6):1012–1023Crossref, Google Scholar
- The presentation of self in WWW home pages. Internet Research and Information for Social Scientists (1998) March 25–27Bristol, UKGoogle Scholar
- A review of presence and performance in virtual environments. Internat. J. Human-Comput. Interaction (2000) 12(1):1–41Crossref, Google Scholar
- The Acquaintance Process (1961) (Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York) Crossref, Google Scholar
- How we know—and sometimes misjudge—what others know: Imputing one’s own knowledge to others. Psych. Bull. (1999) 125(6):737–759Crossref, Google Scholar
- Psychometric Theory (1994) 3rd ed.(McGraw-Hill, New York) Google Scholar
- Conversations over video conferences: An evaluation of the spoken aspects of video mediated interaction. Human Comput. Interaction (1993) 8(4):389–428Crossref, Google Scholar
- Questionnaire Design and Attitude Measurement (1966) (Heinemann, London, UK) Google Scholar
- The presentation of self in virtual life: Characteristics of personal home pages. Journalism Mass Comm. Quart. (2002) 79(3):643–660Crossref, Google Scholar
- Contributing to public document repositories: A critical mass theory perspective. Organ. Stud. (2007) MarchGoogle Scholar
- Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J. Appl. Psych. (2003) 88(5):879Crossref, Google Scholar
- Capitalizing on diversity: Interpersonal congruence in small work groups. Admin. Sci. Quart. (2002) 47(2):296–324Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Fulk J., Steinfeld C. Understanding the use of group decision support systems: The theory of adaptive structuration. Organizations and Communication Technology (1990) (Sage, Newbury Park, CA) 173–193Crossref, Google Scholar
- The formation of group norms in computer-mediated communication. Human Comm. Res. (2000) 26(3):341–371Crossref, Google Scholar
- Effective use of knowledge management systems: A process model of content ratings and credibility indicators. MIS Quart. (2005) 29(2):221–244Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Jacko J., Sears A. Online communities. Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction (2003) (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Mahwah, NJ) 596–620Google Scholar
- Networked interactivity. J. Comput. Mediated Comm. (1997) 2(4):17Google Scholar
- Empathy and attribution: Turning observers into actors. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1975) 32(5):850–856Crossref, Google Scholar
- Spontaneous self-descriptions and ethnic identities in individualistic and collectivistic culture. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1995) 69(1):142–152Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Associates R. E. R. Mediated group communication. The New Media: Communication, Research, and Technology (1984) (Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA) 129–156Google Scholar
- Ross L.The Intuitive Psychologist and His Shortcomings: Distortions in the Attribution Process (1977) (Academic Press, New York) Google Scholar
- Commitment processes in close relationships: An interdependence analysis. J. Soc. Personal Relationship (1993) 10(2):175–204Crossref, Google Scholar
- Leveraging Communities of Practice for Strategic Advantage (2003) (Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington, MA) Google Scholar
- We are what we post? Self-presentation in personal web space. J. Consumer Res. (2003) 30(3):385–404Crossref, Google Scholar
- Collaborating in networked immersive spaces: As good as being there together? Comput. Graphics (2001) 25(5):781–788Crossref, Google Scholar
- The Social Psychology of Telecommunications (1976) (Wiley, New York) Google Scholar
- Group processes in computer-mediated communication. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes (1986) 37(2):157–187Crossref, Google Scholar
- Helping individuals or group members? The role of individual and collective identification in AIDS volunteerism. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. (2000) 26(4):497–506Crossref, Google Scholar
- Small-group behavior in a virtual and real environment: A comparative study. Presence: Teleoperators Virtual Environments (2000) 9(1):37–51Crossref, Google Scholar
- The social life of small graphical chat spaces. SIGCHI Conf. on Human Factors in Comput. Systems (2000) (ACM Press, New York) 462–469Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Leinhart S. Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. Sociological Methodology (1982) (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA) 290–312Crossref, Google Scholar
- Reducing social context cues: Electronic mail in organizational communication. Management Sci. (1986) 32(11):1492–1512Link, Google Scholar
- Expert roles and information exchange during discussion: The importance of knowing who knows what. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. (1995) 31(3):244–265Crossref, Google Scholar
- Pooling unshared information: The benefits of knowing how access to information is distributed among group members. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes (2000) 82(1):102–116Crossref, Google Scholar
- How do suppliers benefit from information technology use in supply chain relationships? MIS Quart. (2004) 28(1):45–73Crossref, Google Scholar
- Informational influence in organizations: An integrated approach to knowledge adoption. Inform. Systems Res. (2003) 14(1):47–65Link, Google Scholar
- , Suls J., Greenwald A. G. Self-verification: Bring social reality into harmony with the self. Social Psychological Perspectives on the Self (1983) (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ) 33–66Google Scholar
- Should we create a niche or fall in line? Identity negotiation and small group effectiveness. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (2000) 79(2):238–250Crossref, Google Scholar
- Agreeable fancy or disagreeable truth? Reconciling self-enhancement and self-verification. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1989) 57(5):782–791Crossref, Google Scholar
- Why people self-verify. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1992) 62(3):392–401Crossref, Google Scholar
- Finding value in diversity: Verification of personal and social self-view in diverse groups. Acad. Management Rev. (2004) 29(1):9–27Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Tajfel H. Social categorization, social identity and social comparison. Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (1978) (Academic Press, London, UK) Google Scholar
- , Worchel S., Austin W. G. The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. The Psychology of Intergroup Relations (1986) (Nelson-Hall, Chicago, IL) 7–24Google Scholar
- Integrating knowledge through information trading: Examining the relationship between boundary spanning communication and individual performance. Decision Sci. (2003) 34(2):261–286Crossref, Google Scholar
- Accountability: A social check on the fundamental attribution error. Soc. Psych. Quart. (1985) 48(3):227–236Crossref, Google Scholar
- Who’s really sharing? Effects of social and expert status on knowledge exchange within groups. Management Sci. (2003) 49(3):464–477Link, Google Scholar
- Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet (1995) (Simon & Schuster, New York) Google Scholar
- “It’s difficult to hide it”: The presentation of self on Internet home pages. Qualitative Sociol. (2000) 23(1):99–120Crossref, Google Scholar
- Interpersonal effects in computer-mediated interaction. Comm. Res. (1992) 19(1):52–90Crossref, Google Scholar
- Is a picture worth a thousand words? Comm. Res. (2001) 28(1):105–134Crossref, Google Scholar
- Why should I share? Examining social capital and knowledge contribution in electronic networks of practice. MIS Quart. (2005) 29(1):35–57Crossref, Google Scholar
- Anticipated discussion of interpretation eliminates actor-observer differences in the attribution of causality. Sociometry (1977) 40(3):247–253Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Willis S. L., Reid J. D. The developing self in midlife. Life in the Middle: Psychological and Social Development in Middle Age (1999) (Academic Press, New York) 25–45Crossref, Google Scholar
- Talking to strangers: An evaluation of the factors affecting electronic collaboration. ACM Conf. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (1996) (ACM Press, New York) 409–418Crossref, Google Scholar
- The dynamics of mass interaction. ACM Conf. Comput. Supported Cooperative Work (1998) Seattle, WA:257–264Crossref, Google Scholar
- Lack of method variance in self-reported affect and perceptions of work: Reality or artifact? J. Appl. Psych. (1989) 74(3):462–468Crossref, Google Scholar
- Hyperbole over cyberspace: Self-presentation and social boundaries in Internet home pages and discourse. Inform. Soc. (1997) 13(4):297–327Crossref, Google Scholar
- Genres of organizational communication: A structurational approach to studying communication and media. Acad. Management Rev. (1992) 27(2):299–326Crossref, Google Scholar

