Research Note—A Model of Conflict, Leadership, and Performance in Virtual Teams
Published Online:5 Jun 2008https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1070.0149
References
- , Hinds P. J., Kiesler S. Managing distances and differences in geographically distributed work groups. Distributed Work (2002) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) 167–186Crossref, Google Scholar
- Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. J. Marketing Res. (1977) 14:396–402Crossref, Google Scholar
- Design for a Brain (1952) (Wiley, New York) Google Scholar
- E-mail and snail mail face off in rematch. Marketing Res. (2000) 11:11–15Google Scholar
- Advances in factor analysis and structural equation models. J. Marketing Res. (1980) 17(1):133–135Crossref, Google Scholar
- Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1991) 36(3):421–458Crossref, Google Scholar
- Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of Theory in Research (1981) (Harper, New York) Google Scholar
- A typology of virtual teams: Implications for effective leadership. Group Organ. Management (2002) 27(1):14–49Crossref, Google Scholar
- Structural Equations with Latent Variables (1989) (Wiley, New York) Crossref, Google Scholar
- Overall fit in covariance structural models: Two types of sample size effects. Psych. Bull. (1990) 107(2):256–259Crossref, Google Scholar
- Satisfying and retaining customers through independent service representatives. Decision Sci. (2004) 35(3):527–550Crossref, Google Scholar
- Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS (2001) (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ) Google Scholar
- Channel expansion theory and the experiential nature of media richness perceptions. Acad. Management J. (1999) 42(2):153–171Crossref, Google Scholar
- Tactical approaches for alleviating distance in global software development. IEEE Software (2001) 22–29Crossref, Google Scholar
- On measurement of intangible assets: A study of the robustness of partial least squares. Total Quality Management (2000) 11(7):897–907Crossref, Google Scholar
- Formal and informal mentorships: A comparison on mentoring functions and contrast with nonmentored counterparts. Personnel Psych. (1992) 45:619–636Crossref, Google Scholar
- Issues and opinion on structural equation modeling. MIS Quart. (1998) 22(1):7–16Google Scholar
- A partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: Results from a Monte Carlo simulation study and an electronic-mail emotion/adoption study. Inform. Systems Res. (2003) 14(2):189–217Link, Google Scholar
- What makes teams work: Group effectiveness research from the shop floor to the executive suite. J. Management (1997) 23(3):239–290Crossref, Google Scholar
- Statistical properties of the rwg(j) index of agreement. Psych. Methods (2001) 6(3):297–310Crossref, Google Scholar
- Telecommuting, professional isolation, and employee development in public and private organizations. J. Organ. Behav. (2002) 23(4):511–533Crossref, Google Scholar
- The mutual knowledge problem and its consequences for dispersed collaboration. Organ. Sci. (2001) 12(3):346–371Link, Google Scholar
- It's what you do and the way you do it: Team task, team size and innovation-related group processes. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psych. (2001) 10:187–204Crossref, Google Scholar
- Just a mirage: The search for dispositional effects in organizational research. Acad. Management Rev. (1989) 14:385–400Crossref, Google Scholar
- Managing relationship conflict and the effectiveness of organizational teams. J. Organ. Behav. (2001) 22(3):309–328Crossref, Google Scholar
- Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: A meta-analysis. J. Appl. Psych. (2003) 88(4):741–749Crossref, Google Scholar
- Paradox and performance: Toward a theory of behavioral complexity in managerial leadership. Organ. Sci. (1995) 6(4):524–540Link, Google Scholar
- Innovation diffusion and implementation. Internat. J. Innovation Management (1999) 3(2):133–157Crossref, Google Scholar
- Cultural Intelligence: Individual Interactions Across Cultures (2003) (Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA) Google Scholar
- Collectivistic orientation in teams: An individual- and group-level analysis. J. Organ. Behav. (1997) 18:275–295Crossref, Google Scholar
- The assimilation of software process innovations: An organizational learning perspective. Management Sci. (1997) 43(10):1345–1363Link, Google Scholar
- Identification in face-to-face, hybrid, and pure virtual teams: Untangling the contradictions. Organ. Sci. (2005) 16(1):19–33Link, Google Scholar
- An assessment of group support systems experiment research: Methodology and results. J. Management Inform. Systems (1999) 15(3):7–149Crossref, Google Scholar
- Taxonomic efforts in the description of leader behavior: A synthesis and functional interpretation. Leadership Quart. (1991) 2(4):245–287Crossref, Google Scholar
- Cultural influences on cognitive representations of conflict: Interpretations of conflict episodes in the United States and Japan. J. Appl. Psych. (2001) 86:1059–1074Crossref, Google Scholar
- Cross-cultural organizational behavior. Annual Rev. Psych. (2007) 58:479–514Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Cohen S. G., Gibson C. B. Conflict in distributed teams. Distributed Teams That Work (2003) (Jossey Bass, San Francisco) Google Scholar
- The geography of coordination: Dealing with distance in R&D work. Proc. Internat ACM SIGGROUP Conf. on Supporting Group Work, 1999 (1999) (ACM Press, New York) Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Goodman P. S. Leading groups in organizations. Designing Effective Work Groups (1986) (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco) Google Scholar
- Multivariate Data Analysis (1998) (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ) Google Scholar
- Roles executives play: CEOs, behavioral complexity, and firm performance. Human Relations (1993) 46(5):543–575Crossref, Google Scholar
- Managing virtual teams: A review of current empirical research. Human Resource Management Rev. (2005) 15:69–95Crossref, Google Scholar
- Managing distance by interdependence: Goal setting, task interdependence, and team-based rewards in virtual teams. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psych. (2004) 19(1):1–28Crossref, Google Scholar
- Out of sight, out of sync: Understanding conflict in distributed teams. Organ. Sci. (2003) 14(6):615–632Link, Google Scholar
- Communication across boundaries: Work, structure, and use of communication technologies in large organization. Organ. Sci. (1995) 6(4):373–393Link, Google Scholar
- Understanding conflict in geographically distributed teams: The moderating effects of shared identity, shared context, and spontaneous communication. Organ. Sci. (2005) 16(3):290–307Link, Google Scholar
- Cognitive interdependence and convergent expectations in transactive memory. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (2001) 81(6):1080–1089Crossref, Google Scholar
- A multidirectional approach toward leadership: An extension of the concept of behavior complexity. Human Relations (1996) 49(7):19–146Crossref, Google Scholar
- The ties that bind: The impact of leader-member exchange, transformational and transactional leadership, and distance on predicting follower performance. J. Appl. Psych. (1999) 84(5):680–698Crossref, Google Scholar
- Personal computing acceptance factors in small firms: A structural equation model. MIS Quart. (1997) 21(3):279–305Crossref, Google Scholar
- Rethinking the value of choice: A cultural perspective on intrinsic motivation. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1999) 76:349–366Crossref, Google Scholar
- Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias. J. Appl. Psych. (1984) 69(1):85–98Crossref, Google Scholar
- Communication and trust in global distributed teams. Organ. Sci. (1999) 10(6):791–815Link, Google Scholar
- A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1995) 40(2):256–282Crossref, Google Scholar
- A qualitative analysis of conflict types and dimensions in organizational groups. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1997) 42(3):530–557Crossref, Google Scholar
- Why differences make a difference: A field study of diversity, conflict, and performance in workgroups. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1999) 44:741–763Crossref, Google Scholar
- Effects of leadership style and problem structure on work group process and outcomes in an electronic meeting system enviornment. Personnel Psych. (1997) 50(1):121–137Crossref, Google Scholar
- The new managerial work. Harvard Bus. Rev. (1989) 67(6):85–93Google Scholar
- The Social Psychology of Organizations (1978) (John Wiley and Sons, New York) Google Scholar
- The discipline of teams. Harvard Bus. Rev. (1993) 71(2):111–121Google Scholar
- The global virtual manager: A prescription for success. Eur. Management J. (2000) 18(2):183–208Crossref, Google Scholar
- Leadership effectiveness in global distributed teams. J. Management Inform. Systems (2001) 18(3):7–40Crossref, Google Scholar
- An estimate of variance due to traits in leadership. J. Appl. Psych. (1983) 68(4):678–686Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Hinds P. J., Kiesler S. What do we know about proximity and distance in work groups: A legacy of research. Distributed Work (2002) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) 57–80Google Scholar
- Intraorganizational influence tactics: Explorations in getting one's way. J. Appl. Psych. (1980) 65(4):440–452Crossref, Google Scholar
- The dimensions and antecedents of team virtuality. J. Management (2005) 31(5):700–718Crossref, Google Scholar
- IT outsourcing success: A psychological contract perspective. Inform. Systems Res. (2004) 15(4):356–373Link, Google Scholar
- , Cooper C. L., Robertson I. T. Impacts of telework on individuals, organizations and families: A critical review. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (2000) 14(Wiley, Chichester, UK) 63–99Google Scholar
- , Cannon-Bowers J. A., Salas E. Training and developing adaptive teams: Theory, principles, and research. Decision Making Under Stress: Implications for Training and Simulation (1998) (APA Books, Washington, D.C.) 115–153Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Ferris G. R. A dynamic theory of leadership and team effectiveness: Developmental and task contingent leader roles. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management (1996) 14(JAI, Greenwich, CT) 253–305Google Scholar
- Mentoring at Work: Developmental Relationships in Organizational Life (1985) (Scott Foresman, Glenview, IL) Google Scholar
- , Hinds P. J., Kiesler S. Understanding effects of proximity on collaboration: Implications for technologies to support remote collaborative work. Distributed Work (2002) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) 137–162Crossref, Google Scholar
- Seasons of a Man's Life (1978) (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Google Scholar
- Product development tensions: Exploring contrasting styles of product management. Acad. Management J. (2002) 45:546–564Crossref, Google Scholar
- Through a glass darkly: Information technology design, identity verification, and knowledge contribution in online communities. Inform. Systems Res. (2007) 18(1):42–67Link, Google Scholar
- , Hinds P. J., Kiesler S. The phenomenology of conflict in distributed work teams. Distributed Work (2002) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) 213–233Google Scholar
- Virtual teams: What do we know and where do we go from here? J. Management (2004) 30:805–835Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Jantsch E., Waddington C. H. Toward cultural symbiosis. Evolution and Consciousness, Human Systems in Transition (1976) (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA) 198–213Google Scholar
- An investigation of the use of global, virtual, and collocated new product development teams. J. Product Innovation Management (2001) 18(2):110–120Crossref, Google Scholar
- Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients. Psych. Methods (1996) 1(1):30–46Crossref, Google Scholar
- The Nature of Managerial Work (1973) (Harper and Row, New York) Google Scholar
- The manager's job: Folklore, and fact. Harvard Bus. Rev. (1975) 53:49–61Google Scholar
- Getting it together: Temporal coordination and conflict management in global distributed teams. Acad. Management J. (2001) 44:1251–1262Crossref, Google Scholar
- Conflict and shared identity in geographically distributed teams. Internat. J. Conflict Management (2001) 12(3):212–238Crossref, Google Scholar
- The dynamics of intense workgroups: A study of British string quartets. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1991) 36(2):165–186Crossref, Google Scholar
- A study of the leadership process. Amer. Sociol. Rev. (1941) 6:674–687Crossref, Google Scholar
- Achievement goals and means: A cultural comparison. J. Cross-Cultural Psych. (1998) 29:656–667Crossref, Google Scholar
- Psychometric Theory (1978) (McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York) Google Scholar
- Using technology and constituting structures: A practice lens for studying technology in organizations. Organ. Sci. (2000) 11(4):404–429Link, Google Scholar
- Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J. Appl. Psych. (2003) 88(5):879–903Crossref, Google Scholar
- Virtual teams: A review of current literature and directions for future research. DATA BASE Adv. Inform. Systems (2004) 35(1):6–36Crossref, Google Scholar
- The impact of communication media on negotiation outcomes. Internat. J. Conflict (2000) 11:162–187Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Hunt J. G., Stewart R., Schriesheim C., Hosking D. Applying the competing values approach to leadership: Toward an integrative model. Managers and Leaders: An International Perspective (1984) (Pergamon, New York) 10–27Crossref, Google Scholar
- Beyond Rational Management: Mastering the Paradoxes and Competing Demands of High Performance (1988) (Jossey-Bass, Inc., San Francisco) Google Scholar
- An empirical assessment of the loose-tight leadership model: Quantitative and qualitative analyses. J. Organ. Behav. (2002) 23:303–320Crossref, Google Scholar
- The effect of team leader characteristics on learning, knowledge application, and performance of cross-functional new product development teams. Decision Sci. (2003) 34(4):707–739Crossref, Google Scholar
- Do friends perform better than acquaintances? The interaction of friendship, conflict, and task. Group Decision Negotiation (1993) 2:149–166Crossref, Google Scholar
- Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing reliability. Psych. Bull. (1979) 86:420–428Crossref, Google Scholar
- Making use of difference: Diversity, debate and decision comprehensiveness in top management teams. Acad. Management J. (1999) 42:662–673Crossref, Google Scholar
- The effects of leadership style and team process on performance and innovation in functionally heterogeneous teams. J. Management (2006) 32(1):132–157Crossref, Google Scholar
- Teams, Teamwork, and Teambuilding (1995) (Prentice Hall, Singapore) Google Scholar
- La Regression PLS (1998) (Publi-Union, Paris, France) Google Scholar
- Models of conflict resolution in Japanese, German, and American cultures. J. Appl. Sci. (1998) 83:316–323Google Scholar
- Team Organization: An Enduring Competitive Advantage (1990) (Wiley, Chichester, UK) Google Scholar
- , Kramer R. M., Staw B. M. A social identity model of leadership effectiveness in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior (2003) 25(Elsevier, Amsterdam) 245–297Crossref, Google Scholar
- Leadership, self, and identity: A review and research agenda. Leadership Quart. (2004) 15(6):825–856Crossref, Google Scholar
- Relational communication in computer-mediated interaction. Human Comm. Res. (1992) 19(1):50–88Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Martocchio J. Comparing virtual teams to traditional teams: An identification of new research opportunities. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management (2006) 25(JAI Press, Elsevier) Google Scholar
- Sparkling fountains or stagnant ponds: An integrative model of creativity and innovation implementation in work groups. Appl. Psych. Internat. Rev. (2002) 51:355–424Crossref, Google Scholar
- Lack of method variance in self-reported affect and perceptions at work: Reality or artifact? J. Appl. Psych. (1989) 74(3):462–468Crossref, Google Scholar
- Leadership in Organizations (1981) (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Google Scholar
- Leadership in Organizations (2002) (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Google Scholar
- Influence tactics and objectives in upward, downward, and lateral influence attempts. J. Appl. Psych. (1990) 75(2):132–141Crossref, Google Scholar
- Consequences of influence tactics used with subordinates, peers, and the boss. J. Appl. Psych. (1992) 77(4):525–536Crossref, Google Scholar
- Team versus crew leadership: Differences and similarities. When Is a Work Team a Crew and Does It Matter? Sympos. 13th Annual Conf. Soc. Indust. Organ. Psych. (1998) Dallas, TX(SIOP, Bowling Green, OH) . R. J. Klimoski, ChairGoogle Scholar

