The Effects of Diversity in Global, Distributed Collectives: A Study of Open Source Project Success
Published Online:24 Aug 2012https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1120.0435
References
- . Outsourcing to an unknown workforce: Exploring opensourcing as a global sourcing strategy. MIS Quart. (2008) 32(2):385–409Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Nationality diversity and performance in global software development teams: The role of temporal disperion and leadership. Proc. Internat. Conf. Inform. Systems, St. Louis (2010) MissouriGoogle Scholar
- . Logistic Regression Using the SAS System: Theory and Application. SAS (1999) (SAS Institute and Wiley Cary, NC) Google Scholar
- . The functions and dysfunctions of hierarchy. Res. Organ. Behav. (2010) 30:55–89Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Culturally heterogeneous vs. culturally homogeneous groups in distributed group support systems: Effects on group process and consensus. Proc. 34th Hawaii Internat. Conf. System Sci. (2001) Maui, HawaiiCrossref, Google Scholar
- . Cultures of culture: Academics, practitioners and the pragmatics of normative control. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1988) 33(1):24–60Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Language fluency, socialization and inter-unit relationships in Chinese and Finnish subsidiaries. Management Organ. Rev. (2007) 3(1):105–128Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Sharing meaning across occupational communities: The transformation of understanding on a production floor. Organ. Sci. (2003) 14(3):312–330Link, Google Scholar
- . The incentive effects of tournament compensation systems. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1992) 37(2):336–350Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Self-categorization, affective commitment, and group self-esteem as distinct aspects of social identity in the organization. British J. Soc. Psych. (2000) 39(4):555–577Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Open borders? Immigration in open source projects. Proc. 29th Inter. Conf. Software Engineering Workshops (ICSEW) (2007) (IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC) Crossref, Google Scholar
- . A macrosociological theory of social structure. Amer. J. Sociol. (1977) 83(1):26–54Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Membership size, communication activity, and sustainability: A resource-based model of online social structures. Inform. Systems Res. (2001) 12(4):346–362Link, Google Scholar
- . Top management team functional diversity and firm performance: The moderating role of CEO characteristics. J. Management Stud. (2011) 48(1):151–177Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Top management team functional background diversity and firm performance: Examining the roles of team member colocation and environmental uncertainty. Acad. Management J. (2008) 51(4):768–784Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Market motives, distinctive capabilities, and domestic inertia: A hybrid model of innovation generation. J. Marketing Res. (1999) 36(1):95–112Crossref, Google Scholar
- . The importance of language in global teams: A linguistic perspective. Management Internat. Rev. (2006) 46(6):679Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Sustainability of free/libre open source projects: A longitudinal study. J. Assoc. Inform. Systems (2010) 11(11):657–683Google Scholar
- . The linguistic shift in cross-cultural studies: Culture in discourse. Eur. J. Cross-Cultural Competence and Management (2009) 1(1):66–76Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Following the sun: Temporal dispersion and performance in open source software project teams. J. Assoc. Inform. Systems (2010) 11(11):684–707Google Scholar
- . From planning to mature: On the success of open source projects. Res. Policy (2007) 36(10):1575–1586Crossref, Google Scholar
- . The strong situation hypothesis. Personality Soc. Psych. Rev. (2009) 13(1):67–72Google Scholar
- . Open source software projects as virtual organizations: Competency rallying for software development. IEE Proc. Software (2002) 149(1):3–17Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Progressing to the center: Coordinating project work. Organ. Sci. (2010) 22(4):1–19Google Scholar
- . A man on the inside: Unlocking communities as complementary assets. Res. Policy (2006) 35(8):1243–1259Crossref, Google Scholar
- . When cultures clash: Participation in open source communities and its implications for organizational commitment. Proc. Internat. Conf. Inform. Systems (2011) Shanghai, ChinaGoogle Scholar
- . Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: A meta-analysis. J. Appl. Psych. (2003) 88(4):741–749Crossref, Google Scholar
- . The equalization phenomenon: Status effects in computer-mediated and face-to-face decision-making groups. Human-Comput. Interaction (1991) 6(2):119–146Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Socialization in an open source software community: A socio-technical analysis. Comput. Supported Cooperative Work (2005) 14(4):323–368Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Creating hybrid team cultures: An empirical test of transnational team functioning. Acad. Management (2000) 43(1):26–49Crossref, Google Scholar
- . The incentive effects of tournaments revisited: Evidence from the European PGA tour. Indust. Labor Relations Rev. (1990) 43(3):74–88Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Determining process death based on censored activity data. Comm. Statist.—Simulation Comput. (2008) 37(8):1647–1662Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Understanding sustained participation in open source software projects. J. Management Inform. Systems (2009) 25(4):9–50Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Managing culture as a competitive resource: An identity-based view of sustainable competitive advantage. J. Management (1991) 17(1):191–211Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Striking a balance between trust and control in a virtual organization: A content analysis of open source software case studies. Inform. Systems J. (2001) 11(4):277–304Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Time and transition in work teams: Toward a new model of group development. Acad. Management J. (1988) 31(1):9–41Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Marking time: Predictable transitions in task groups. Acad. Management J. (1989) 32(2):274–309Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Unpacking the concept of virtuality: The effects of geographic dispersion, electronic dependence, dynamic structure, and national diversity on team innovation. Admin. Sci. Quart. (2006) 51(3):451–495Crossref, Google Scholar
- . A healthy divide: Subgroups as a stimulus for team learning behavior. Admin. Sci. Quart. (2003) 48(2):202–239Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Metaphors and meaning: An intercultural analysis of the concept of teamwork. Admin. Sci. Quart. (2001) 46(2):274–303Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Skills, division of labor and performance in collective inventions: Evidence from open source software. Internat. J. Indust. Organ. (2010) 28(1):54–68Crossref, Google Scholar
- . The origins of status hierarchies: A formal theory and empirical test. Amer. J. Sociol. (2002) 107(5):1143–1178Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Location, location, location: How network embeddedness affects project success in open source systems. Management Sci. (2006) 52(7):1043–1056Link, Google Scholar
- . Too many cooks spoil the broth: How high-status individuals decrease group effectiveness. Organ. Sci. (2011) 22(3):722–737Link, Google Scholar
- . When hierarchy wins: Evidence from the National Basketball Association. Soc. Psych. Personality Sci. (2012) 3(4):398–406Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Team incentives and worker heterogeneity: An empirical analysis of the impact of teams on productivity and participation. J. Political Econom. (2003) 111(3):465–497Crossref, Google Scholar
- . What's the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Acad. Management Rev. (2007) 32(4):1199–1228Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Beyond relational demography: Time and the effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion. Acad. Management J. (1998) 41(1):96–107Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Time, teams, and task performance: Changing effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on group functioning. Acad. Management J. (2002) 45(5):1029–1045Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Team cognition: Development and evolution in software project teams. J. Management Inform. Systems (2007) 24(2):261–292Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Language diversity in international management teams. Internat. Stud. Management Organ. (2005) 35(1):66–82Google Scholar
- . Champions of revealing—The role of open source developers in commercial firms. Indust. Corporate Change (2008) 18(3):435–471Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Motivation of software developers in open source projects: An Internet-based survey of contributors to the Linux kernel. Res. Policy (2003) 32(7):1159–1177Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Understanding conflict in geographically distributed teams: The moderating effects of shared identity, shared context, and spontaneous communication. Organ. Sci. (2005) 16(3):290–307Link, Google Scholar
- . The interaction between national and organizational value systems. J. Management Stud. (1985) 22(4):347–357Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Facing differences with an open mind: Openness to experience, salience of intragroup differences, and performance of diverse work groups. Acad. Management J. (2008) 51(6):1204–1222Crossref, Google Scholar
- . The effects of team diversity on team outcomes: A meta-analytic review of team demography. J. Management (2007) 33(6):987–1015Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Understanding the Dynamics of Diversity in Decision-Making Teams (1995) (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco) Google Scholar
- . The impact of open source software on the strategic choices of firms developing proprietary software. J. Management Inform. Systems (2008) 25(3):241–276Crossref, Google Scholar
- . The role of context in work team diversity research: A meta-analytic review. Acad. Management J. (2009) 52(3):599–627Crossref, Google Scholar
- . The shoemaker's children: Using Wikis for information systems teaching, research, and publication. MIS Quart. (2009) 33(1):1–17Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Conflict and performance in global virtual teams. J. Management Inform. Systems (2006) 23(3):237–274Crossref, Google Scholar
- . How open source software works: “Free” user-to-user assistance. Res. Policy (2003) 32(6):923–943Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Expectancy theory and job behavior. Organ. Behav. Human Performance (1973) 9(3):482–503Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Managers' attitudes toward interaction episodes. J. Appl. Psych. (1968) 52(6):432–439Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Rank-order tournaments as optimum labor contracts. J. Political Econom. (1981) 89(5):841–864Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Aligning IT components to achieve agility in globally distributed system development. Comm. ACM (2006) 49(10):48–54Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Some simple economics of open source. J. Indust. Econom. (2002) 50(2):197–234Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Innovating or doing as told? Status differences and overlapping boundaries in offshoring collaboration. MIS Quart. (2008) 32(2):307–332Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Satisfaction in interpersonal interactions as a function of similarity in level of dysphoria. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1990) 58(5):823–831Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Effects of culture, social presence, and group composition on trust in technology-supported decision-making groups. Inform. Systems J. (2010) 20(3):297–315Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Virtual workspace technology use and knowledge sharing effectiveness in distributed teams: The influence of a team's transactive memory. Information Systems Research Series (2004) (Leonard N. Stern School of Business, New York University) Google Scholar
- . The effects of departmental demography on turnover: The case of a university. Acad. Management Rev. (1983) 26(4):626–641Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Rev. Sociol. (2001) 27:415–444Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Searching for common threads: Understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Acad. Management Rev. (1996) 21(2):402–433Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Thomas-Hunt MC. Internal status sorting in groups: The problem of too many stars. Research on Managing Groups and Teams (2005) 7(Elsevier, Oxford, UK) . Status and GroupsGoogle Scholar
- . Is open source capitalist or communist? Datamation (2009) . Accessed August 6, 2012, http://www.datamation.com/orsc/article.php/3809221/Bruce-Perens-Is-Open-Source-Capitalist-or-Communist.htmGoogle Scholar
- . An examination of the roles of trust and functional diversity on virtual team performance ratings. Group Organ. Management (2009) 34(4):479–504Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Salary dispersion: Location in the salary distribution, and turn-over among college administrators. Indust. Labort Relations Rev. (1992) 45(4):753–763Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Homesteading the noosphere. (1998) Google Scholar
- . Intragroup status and social presence in online fan groups. Comput. Human Behav. (2010) 26(6):1314–1317Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Demographic diversity and employee attitudes: An empirical examination of relational demography within work units. J. Appl. Psych. (1997) 82(3):342–358Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Understanding the motivations, participation, and performance of open source software developers: A longitudinal study of the Apache projects. Management Sci. (2006) 52(7):984–1000Link, Google Scholar
- , Damiani E, Fitzgerald B, Scacchi W, Scotto M, Succi G. Contributor turnover in libre software projects. IFIP International Federation for Information Processing (2006) 203(Springer, Boston) 273–286Google Scholar
- . Diffusion of Innovations (1995) (The Free Press, New York) Google Scholar
- . The theory of equalizing differences. Handbook of Labor Economics (1986) (Elsevier, Amsterdam) 641–692Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Using an adapted grounded theory approach for inductive theory building about virtual team development. Database for Adv. Inform. Systems (2001) 13(1):38–56Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Understanding the requirements for developing open source software systems. IEE Proc. Software (2002) 149(1):24–39Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Understanding free/open source software development processes. Software Process Improvement and Practice (2006) 11(2):95–105Crossref, Google Scholar
- . An initial description of the c-form. Res. Sociol. Organ. (2011) 33:37–72Crossref, Google Scholar
- . How peripheral developers contribute to open-source software development. Inform. Systems Res. (2012) 23(1):144–163Link, Google Scholar
- . Cultural diversity and information and communication technology impacts on global virtual teams: An exploratory study. Inform. Management (2007) 45(2):131–142Crossref, Google Scholar
- . The small world effect: The influence of macro level properties of developer collaboration networks on open source project success. ACM Trans. Software Engrg. Methodology (2010) 20(2). Article 6Google Scholar
- . Network effects: The influence of structural social capital on open source project success. MIS Quart. (2011) 35(4):813–829Crossref, Google Scholar
- . The effects of cultural diversity in virtual teams versus face-to-face teams. Group Decision and Negotiation (2006) 15(4):389–406Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Institutional ecology, “translations” and boundary objects: Amateurs and professionals in Berkeley's museum of vertebrate zoology, 1907–39. Soc. Stud. Sci. (1989) 19(3):387–420Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Social status in an open-source community. Amer. Sociol. Rev. (2005) 70(5):823–842Crossref, Google Scholar
- . The impact of ideology on effectiveness in open source software development teams. Management Inform. Systems Quart. (2006a) 30(2):291–314Crossref, Google Scholar
- . The moderating role of development stage in free/open source software project performance. Software Process Improvement and Practice (2006b) 11(2):177–191Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Impacts of license choice and organizational sponsorship on user interest and development activity in open source software projects. Inform. Systems Res. (2006) 17(2):126–145Link, Google Scholar
- . Determinants of open source software project success: A longitudinal study. Decision Support Systems (2009) 46(2):576–585Crossref, Google Scholar
- . The Processes of Technological Innovation (1990) (Lexington Books, Lexington) Google Scholar
- . Advances in SourceForge research data archive (SRDA). Proc. Fourth Internat. Conf. Open Source Systems (2008) Milan, ItalyGoogle Scholar
- . Work group diversity. Annual. Rev. Psych. (2007) 58(1):515–541Crossref, Google Scholar
- . The categorization-elaboration model of work group diversity: Wielding the double-edged sword. The Psychology of Social and Cultural Diversity (2010) (Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK) 257–280Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Computer-mediated cross-cultural collaboration: Attributing communication errors to the person versus the situation. J. Appl. Psych. (2010) 95(2):265–276Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Can we talk, and should we? Managing emotional conflict in multicultural teams. Acad. Management Rev. (2004) 29(4):578–592Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Community, joining, and specialization in open source software innovation: A case study. Res. Policy (2003) 32(7):1217–1241Crossref, Google Scholar
- . The importance of language in international knowledge transfer. Management Internat. Rev. (2008) 48(3):339–360Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Market provision of custom software: Learning effects and low balling. Management Sci. (1995) 41(8):1343–1352Link, Google Scholar
- . Demography and Diversity in Organizations: A Review of 40 Years of Research (1998) (JAI Press, Greenwich, CT) Google Scholar
- . Toward an understanding of the motivations of open source software developers. Proc. Twenty-Fifth Internat. Conf. Software Engrg. (2003) Portland, OregonGoogle Scholar

