From Smartphones to Smart Students: Learning vs. Distraction Using Smartphones in the Classroom

References

• Acemoglu D, Autor D, Dorn D, Hanson GH, Price B (2014) Return of the Solow paradox? IT, productivity, and employment in US manufacturing. Amer. Econom. Rev. 104(5):394–399.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Acilar A, Sæbø Ø (2021) Towards understanding the gender digital divide: A systematic literature review. Global Knowledge Memory Comm. 72(3):233–249.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Alavi M, Leidner D (2001) Research commentary: Technology-mediated learning—A call for greater depth and breadth of research. Inform. Systems Res. 12(1):1–10.Link, Google Scholar
• Alzahabi R, Becker M (2013) The association between media multitasking, task-switching, and dual-task performance. J. Experiment. Psych. Human Perception Performance 39(5):1485–1495.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Amez S, Baert S (2020) Smartphone use and academic performance: A literature review. Internat. J. Ed. Res. 103:101618.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Amez S, Vujić S, De Marez L, Baert S (2023) Smartphone use and academic performance: First evidence from longitudinal data. New Media Soc. 25(3):584–608.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Angrist J, Imbens G (1995) Two-stage least squares estimation of average causal effects in models with variable treatment intensity. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 90(430):431–442.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Angrist J, Lavy V (2002) New evidence on classroom computers and pupil learning. Econom. J. 112(482):735–765.Google Scholar
• Barrera-Osorio F, Linden LL (2009) The use and misuse of computers in education: Evidence from a randomized experiment in Colombia. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4836, The World Bank, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
• Barrow L, Markman L, Rouse C (2009) Technology’s edge: The educational benefits of computer-aided instruction. Amer. Econom. J. Econom. Policy 1(1):52–74.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Beland L, Murphy R (2016) Communication: Technology, distraction & student performance. Labour Econom. 41:61–76.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Belo R, Ferreira P, Telang R (2014) Broadband in school: Impact on student performance. Management Sci. 60(2):265–282.Link, Google Scholar
• Bjerre-Nielsen A, Andersen A, Minor K, Lassen D (2020) The negative effect of smartphone use on academic performance may be overestimated: Evidence from a 2-year panel study. Psych. Sci. 31(11):1351–1362.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Boers E, Afzali MH, Newton N, Conrod P (2019) Smartphones, social media use and youth mental health. CMAJ 191(9):E245–E246.Google Scholar
• Carter S, Greenberg K, Walker M (2017) The impact of computer usage on academic performance: Evidence from a randomized trial at the United States Military Academy. Econom. Ed. Rev. 56:118–132.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chen R, Ji C (2015) Investigating the relationship between thinking style and personal electronic device use and its implications for academic performance. Comput. Human Behav. 52:177–183.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chen Q, Yan Z (2016) Does multitasking with mobile phones affect learning? A review. Comput. Human Behav. 54:34–42.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cheng Z, Dimoka A, Pavlou PA (2016) Context may be king, but generalizability is the emperor! J. Inform. Tech. 31(3):257–264.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chinchanachokchai S, Duff B, Sar S (2015) The effect of multitasking on time perception, enjoyment, and ad evaluation. Comput. Human Behav. 45:185–191.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cohen W, Levinthal D (1990) Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Admin. Sci. Quart. 35(1):128–152.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Courage M, Bakhtiar A, Fitzpatrick C, Kenny S, Brandeau K (2015) Growing up multitasking: The costs and benefits for cognitive development. Developmental Rev. 35:5–41.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Faber B, Sanchis-Guarner R, Weinhardt F (2015) ICT and education: Evidence from student home addresses. NBER Working Paper No. 21306, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
• Fairlie R, London R (2012) The effects of home computers on educational outcomes: Evidence from a field experiment with community college students. Econom. J. 122(561):727–753.Google Scholar
• Foerde K, Knowlton B, Poldrack R (2006) Modulation of competing memory systems by distraction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103(31):11778–11783.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Forman C, Goldfarb A, Greenstein S (2005) How did location affect adoption of the commercial internet? Global village vs. urban leadership. J. Urban Econom. 58(3):389–420.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fried C (2008) In-class laptop use and its effects on student learning. Computers Ed. 50(3):906–914.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ghose A (2017) Tap: Unlocking the Mobile Economy (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Goolsbee A, Guryan J (2006) The impact of internet subsidies in public schools. Rev. Econom. Statist. 88(2):336–347.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hall T, Bannon L (2006) Designing ubiquitous computing to enhance children’s learning in museums. J Comput. Assisted Learn. 22(4):231–243.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Haller S (2017) Study: 1 in 3 students use cellphones to cheat on exams. USA Today Online (August 2), https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/allthemoms/parenting/2017/08/02/teens-use-phones-to-cheat-in-school/34910927/.Google Scholar
• Hembrooke H, Gay G (2003) The laptop and the lecture: The effects of multitasking in learning environments. J. Comput. Higher Ed. 15(1):46–64.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Judd T (2014) Making sense of multitasking: The role of Facebook. Computers Ed. 70:194–202.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Junco R, Cotten S (2012) No A 4 U: The relationship between multitasking and academic performance. Computers Ed. 59(2):505–514.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kahneman D (1973) Attention and Effort, Prentice-Hall Series in Experimental Psychology (Prentice-Hall).Google Scholar
• Kates A, Wu H, Coryn C (2018) The effects of mobile phone use on academic performance: A meta-analysis. Computers Ed. 127:107–112.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kraushaar J, Novak D (2010) Examining the effects of student multitasking with laptops during the lecture. J. Inform. Systems Ed. 21(2):241–251.Google Scholar
• Krumpal I (2013) Determinants of social desirability bias in sensitive surveys: A literature review. Quality Quantity Internat. J. Methodology 47(4):2025–2047.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Mehra A (2018) Remedying education with personalized homework: Evidence from a randomized field experiment in India. Technical report, Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY.Google Scholar
• Kuznekoff J, Munz S, Titsworth S (2015) Mobile phones in the classroom: Examining the effects of texting, Twitter, and message content on student learning. Comm. Ed. 64(3):344–365.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lachman R, Lachman JL, Butterfield EC (2015) Cognitive Psychology and Information Processing: An Introduction (Psychology Press, London).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lanham RA (2006) The Economics of Attention: Style and Substance in the Age of Information (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).Google Scholar
• Lee G, Shao B, Vinze A (2018) The role of ICT as a double-edged sword in fostering societal transformations. J. Assoc. Inform. Systems 19(3):209–246.Google Scholar
• Lepp A, Barkley J, Karpinski A (2014) The relationship between cell phone use, academic performance, anxiety, and satisfaction with life in college students. Comput. Human Behav. 31:343–350.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lepp A, Barkley J, Karpinski A (2015) The relationship between cell phone use and academic performance in a sample of US college students. Sage Open 5(1).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Leuven E, Lindahl M, Oosterbeek H, Webbink D (2007) The effect of extra funding for disadvantaged pupils on achievement. Rev. Econom. Statist. 89(4):721–736.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lin Y, Liu Y, Fan W, Tuunainen V, Deng S (2021) Revisiting the relationship between smartphone use and academic performance: A large-scale study. Comput. Human Behav. 122:106835.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lythreatis S, Singh S, El-Kassar AN (2022) The digital divide: A review and future research agenda. Tech. Forecasting Soc. Change 175:121359.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Machin S, McNally S, Silva O (2007) New technology in schools: Is there a payoff? Econom. J. 117(522):1145–1167.Google Scholar
• Mayer R, Moreno R (2003) Nine ways to reduce cognitive load in multimedia learning. Ed. Psych. 38(1):43–52.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McDonald S (2013) The effects and predictor value of in-class texting behavior on final course grades. College Student J. 47(1):34–40.Google Scholar
• Muralidharan K, Singh A, Ganimian A (2019) Disrupting education? Experimental evidence on technology-aided instruction in India. Amer. Econom. Rev. 109(4):1426–1460.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ophir E, Nass C, Wagner A (2009) Cognitive control in media multitaskers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106(37):15583–15587.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Piccoli G, Ahmad R, Ives B (2001) Web-based virtual learning environments: A research framework and a preliminary assessment of effectiveness in basic IT skills training. MIS Quart. 25(4):401–426.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pieschl S, Porsch T, Kahl T, Klockenbusch R (2013) Relevant dimensions of cyberbullying—Results from two experimental studies. J. Appl. Developmental Psych. 34(5):241–252.Google Scholar
• Rabiu H, Muhammed A, Umaru Y, Ahmed H (2016) Impact of mobile phone usage on academic performance among secondary school students in Taraba State, Nigeria. Eur. Sci. J. 12(1):466.Google Scholar
• Ramjan L, Salamonson Y, Batt S, Kong A, McGrath B, Richards G, Roach D, Wall P, Crawford R (2021) The negative impact of smartphone usage on nursing students: An integrative literature review. Nurse Ed. Today 102:104909.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rosen L, Carrier LM, Cheever N (2013) Facebook and texting made me do it: Media-induced task-switching while studying. Comput. Human Behav. 29(3):948–958.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rubinstein J, Meyer D, Evans J (2001) Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching. J. Experiment. Psych. Human Perception Performance 27(4):763–797.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sohlberg M, Mateer C (1987) Effectiveness of an attention-training program. J. Clinical Experiment. Neuropsychology 9(2):117–130.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Stock J, Yogo M (2005) Testing for weak instruments in linear IV regression. Andrews D, ed. Identification and Inference for Econometric Models (Cambridge University Press, New York), 80–108.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tamim R, Borokhovski E (2022) Educational technology and student performance: A systematic review. Front. Ed. 7:916502.Google Scholar
• Uncapher M, Wagner A (2018) Minds and brains of media multitaskers: Current findings and future directions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115(40):9889–9896.Crossref, Google Scholar
• UNESCO (2023) Global Education Monitoring Report: Technology in Education: A Tool on Whose Terms? (UNESCO Publishing, Paris).Google Scholar
• Van Der Schuur W, Baumgartner S, Sumter S, Valkenburg P (2015) The consequences of media multitasking for youth: A review. Comput. Human Behav. 53:204–215.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Venkatesh V, Morris M (2000) Why don’t men ever stop to ask for directions? Gender, social influence, and their role in technology acceptance and usage behavior. MIS Quart. 24(1):115–139.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Venkatesh V, Morris M, Davis G, Davis F (2003) User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quart. 27(3):425–478.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Vigdor J, Ladd H, Martinez E (2014) Scaling the digital divide: Home computer technology and student achievement. Econom. Inquiry 52(3):1103–1119.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ward A, Duke K, Gneezy A, Bos M (2017) Brain drain: The mere presence of one’s own smartphone reduces available cognitive capacity. J. Assoc. Consumer Res. 2(2):140–154.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wilmer H, Sherman L, Chein J (2017) Smartphones and cognition: A review of research exploring the links between mobile technology habits and cognitive functioning. Frontiers Psych. 8:605.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wineburg S, McGrew S, Breakstone J, Ortega T (2016) Evaluating information: The cornerstone of civic online reasoning. Technical report, Stanford Digital Repository, CA.Google Scholar
• Wood E, Zivcakova L, Gentile P, Archer K, De Pasquale D, Nosko A (2012) Examining the impact of off-task multi-tasking with technology on real-time classroom learning. Computers Ed. 58(1):365–374.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zhang M, Ho C, Ho R (2014) Methodology of development and students’ perceptions of a psychiatry educational smartphone application. Tech. Health Care 22(6):847–855.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zhang T, Sun X, Chai Y, Aghajan H (2015) A look at task-switching and multi-tasking behaviors: From the perspective of the computer usage among a large number of people. Comput. Human Behav. 49:237–244.Crossref, Google Scholar