Countering State-Controlled Media Propaganda Through Labeling: Evidence from Facebook

References

• Benjamin V, Raghu T (2022) Augmenting social bot detection with crowd-generated labels. Inf. Syst. Res. 34(2):487–507.Link, Google Scholar
• Bradshaw S, Howard P (2017) Troops, Trolls and Troublemakers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation (Oxford Internet Institute, Oxford, UK).Google Scholar
• Bradshaw S, Bailey H, Howard PN (2020) Industrialized Disinformation: 2020 Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation (Oxford Internet Institute, Oxford, UK).Google Scholar
• Brashier NM, Pennycook G, Berinsky AJ, Rand DG (2021) Timing matters when correcting fake news. Proc. National Acad. Sci. USA 118(5):2020043118. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2020043118.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chandler J, Rosenzweig C, Moss AJ, Robinson J, Litman L (2019) Online panels in social science research: Expanding sampling methods beyond Mechanical Turk. Behav. Res. Methods 51(5):2022–2038.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chen A (2015) The agency. New York Times 2(6):2015.Google Scholar
• Clayton K, Blair S, Busam JA, Forstner S, Glance J, Green G, Kawata A, et al. (2019) Real solutions for fake news? Measuring the effectiveness of general warnings and fact-check tags in reducing belief in false stories on social media. Political Behav. 42(2020):1073–1095.Google Scholar
• Cohen J (1992) Statistical power analysis. Current Directive Psych. Sci. 1(3):98–101.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Figl K, Kiesling S, Rank C, Vakulenko S (2019) Fake news flags, cognitive dissonance, and the believability of social media posts. Proc. Internat. Conf. on Inform. Systems, ICIS, vol. 27. https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2019/cyber_security_privacy_ethics_IS/cyber_security_privacy/27/.Google Scholar
• Garrett RK, Poulsen S (2019) Flagging Facebook falsehoods: Self-identified humor warnings outperform fact checker and peer warnings. J. Comput. Mediated Comm. 24(5):240–258.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hameleers M (2022) Separating truth from lies: Comparing the effects of news media literacy interventions and fact-checkers in response to political misinformation in the US and Netherlands. Inform. Comm. Soc. 25(1):110–126.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jowett GS, O’Donnell V (2018) Propaganda and Persuasion (Sage Publications).Google Scholar
• Kennedy B, Tyson A, Funk C (2022) Americans’ Trust in Scientists, Other Groups Declines (Pew Research Center, Washington, DC).Google Scholar
• Kim A, Dennis AR (2019) Says who? The effects of presentation format and source rating on fake news in social media. Management Inform. Systems Quart. 43(3):1025–1039.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kim A, Moravec PL, Dennis AR (2019) Combating fake news on social media with source ratings: The effects of user and expert reputation ratings. J. Management Inform. Systems 36(3):931–968.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Laloggia J (2018) Americans Have Mixed Views of Mexico, ‘Warmer’ Feelings toward Canada (Pew Research Center, Washington, DC).Google Scholar
• Moravec PL, Kim A, Dennis AR (2020) Appealing to sense and sensibility: System 1 and system 2 interventions for fake news on social media. Inform. Systems Res. 31(3):987–1006.Link, Google Scholar
• Moravec PL, Minas RK, Dennis AR (2019) Fake news on social media: People believe what they want to believe when it makes no sense at all. Management Inform. Systems Quart. 43(4):1343–1360.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pennycook G, Rand DG (2019a) Fighting misinformation on social media using crowdsourced judgments of news source quality. Proc. National Acad. Sci. USA 116(7):2521.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pennycook G, Rand DG (2019b) Lazy, not biased: Susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning. Cognition 188:39–50.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pratkanis AR, Pratkanis A, Aronson E (2001) Age of Propaganda: The Everyday Use and Abuse of Persuasion (Macmillan, New York).Google Scholar
• Ross B, Jung A, Heisel J, Stieglitz S (2018) Fake news on social media: The (in)effectiveness of warning messages. Proc. Internat. Conf. on Inform. Systems, ICIS, vol. 16. https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2018/social/Presentations/16/.Google Scholar
• Salge CADL, Karahanna E (2018) Protesting corruption on Twitter: Is it a bot or is it a person? Acad. Management Discovery 4(1):32–49.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Select Committee on Intelligence (2019) Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, vol. 2. Report. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/publications/report-select-committee-intelligence-united-states-senate-russian-active-measures.Google Scholar
• Shearer E, Mitchell A (2021) News Use Across Social Media Platforms in 2020 (Pew Research Center, Washington, DC).Google Scholar