Are You, You? Seamlessly Fighting Identity Fraud with Keystroke Dynamics
Published Online:4 Mar 2026https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2023.0088
References
- ABBYY (2022) ABBYY state of intelligent automation report Q4-2022. Report, ABBYY, Austin, TX.Google Scholar
- (2020) TypeNet: Scaling up keystroke biometrics. IEEE Internat. Joint Conf. Biometrics (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ), 1–7.Google Scholar
- (2017) Keystroke biometric systems for user authentication. J. Signal Processing Systems 86(2):175–190.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) A bibliometric review of research on digital identity: Research streams, influential works and future research paths. J. Manufacturing Systems 62(1):523–528.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2014) User identification and authentication using multi-modal behavioral biometrics. Comput. Security 43(1):77–89.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) Combating new account fraud in the digital age. Payments J. (September 11), https://www.paymentsjournal.com/combating-new-account-fraud-in-the-digital-age/.Google Scholar
- (2018) Design science research contributions: Finding a balance between artifact and theory. J. Assoc. Inform. Systems 19(5):358–376.Google Scholar
- (2011) Data mining for credit card fraud: A comparative study. Decision Support Systems 50(3):602–613.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2002) Statistical fraud detection: A review. Statist. Sci. 17(3):235–255.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1996) Interpersonal deception theory. Comm. Theory 6(3):203–242.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2005) The laws of identity. Identity Blog (May 11), https://www.identityblog.com/stories/2005/05/13/TheLawsOfIdentity.pdf.Google Scholar
- (2010) A truth that’s told with bad intent: An ERP study of deception. Cognition 114(1):105–110.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2014) Supporting novice to expert transitions in user interfaces. ACM Comput. Surveys 47(2):1–36.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2013) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (Academic Press, Cambridge, MA).Crossref, Google Scholar
- ContentSquare (2026) Digital experience benchmark report. Accessed February 8, 2026, https://go.contentsquare.com/en/digital-experience-benchmark.Google Scholar
- (2010) Hierarchical control and skilled typing: Evidence for word-level control over the execution of individual keystrokes. J. Experiment. Psych. Learn. Memory Cognition 36(6):1369–1380.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) The digital platform: A research agenda. J. Inform. Tech. 33(2):124–135.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2023) Data quality in online human-subjects research: Comparisons between MTurk, Prolific, CloudResearch, Qualtrics, and SONA. PLoS One 18(3):e0279720.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2010) Motor Learning and Control: From Theory to Practice (Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA).Google Scholar
- Equifax (2015) Back to the future: The resurgence of new-account fraud. Report, Equifax, Atlanta.Google Scholar
- (2012) User identity verification via mouse dynamics. Inform. Sci. 201(1):19–36.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2016) The rise of social bots. Comm. ACM 59(7):96–104.Crossref, Google Scholar
- FICO (2021) Riding the digital wave. Accessed July 12, 2023, https://www.fico.com/en/latest-thinking/white-paper/emea-insights-originations.Google Scholar
- (2021) Does the cognitive approach to lie detection improve the accuracy of human observers? Appl. Cognitive Psych. 35(2):385–392.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1985) Purposeful activity in motor learning theory: An event approach to motor skill acquisition. Amer. J. Occupational Therapy 39(1):28–34.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2010) Self-calibrating view-invariant gait biometrics. IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybernetics—Part B Cybernetics 40(4):997–1008.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2006) The cognition of deception: The role of executive processes in producing lies. Genetic Soc. General Psych. Monographs 132(3):197–214.Crossref, Google Scholar
- Grand View Research (2022) Identity verification market size, share & trends analysis report. Report, Grand View Research, San Francisco, CA.Google Scholar
- (2017) Digital identity guidelines: Enrollment and identity proofing. NIST Special Publication 800-63A, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.Google Scholar
- (2013) Positioning and presenting design science research for maximum impact. MIS Quart. 37(2):337–355.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2013) The jazz practice kinesthetic: Motor learning theory applied to jazz brass practice. Doctor of Musical Arts dissertation, University of Colorado, College of Music, Colorado.Google Scholar
- (2023) Socure achieves industry leading accuracy in verifying the identities of Gen Z consumers. Businesswire.com (May 31), https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230531005209/en/Socure-Achieves-Industry-Leading-Accuracy-in-Verifying-the-Identities-of-Gen-Z-Consumers.Google Scholar
- (2022) 3 considerations for building an effective intelligent friction strategy. BiometricUpdate.com (May 30), https://www.biometricupdate.com/202205/3-considerations-for-building-an-effective-intelligent-friction-strategy.Google Scholar
- (2022) Fraud detection in mobile payment systems using an XGBoost-based framework. Inform. Systems Frontiers 1(1):1–19.Google Scholar
- (2014) Managing technological change in the digital age: The role of architectural frames. J. Inform. Tech. 29(1):27–43.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2004) Design science in information systems research. MIS Quart. 28(1):75–105.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2007) Identity theft: Making the known unknowns known. Harvard J. Law Tech. 21(1):97–122.Google Scholar
- (2019) The roles of alternative data and machine learning in fintech lending: Evidence from the LendingClub consumer platform. Financial Management 48(4):1009–1029.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2012) Addressing identity crime in crime management information systems: Definitions, classification, and empirics. Comput. Law Security Rev. 28(4):381–395.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2014) Improving password cybersecurity through inexpensive and minimally invasive means: Detecting and deterring password reuse through keystroke-dynamics monitoring and just-in-time fear appeals. Inform. Tech. Development 20(2):196–213.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) Detecting noncompliant behavior in organizations: How online survey responses and behaviors reveal risk. J. Management Inform. Systems 38(3):704–731.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2019) Sleight of hand: Identifying concealed information by monitoring mouse-cursor movements. J. Assoc. Inform. Systems 20(1):1–32.Google Scholar
- (2015) Machine learning: Trends, perspectives, and prospects. Science 349(6245):255–260.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1990) Identity authentication based on keystroke latencies. Comm. ACM 33(2):168–176.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2014) The simple difference formula: An approach to teaching nonparametric correlation. Comprehensive Psych. 3(1):1–11.Google Scholar
- (2013) Applied Predictive Modeling (Springer, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2013) Sorting the liars from the truth tellers: The benefits of asking unanticipated questions on lie detection. Appl. Cognitive Psych. 27(1):107–114.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2010) Factors influencing skilled use of the computer mouse by school-aged children. Computers Ed. 55(3):1112–1122.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2015) Massive data breach at health insurer Anthem reveals social security numbers and more. Forbes (February 4), https://www.forbes.com/sites/gregorymcneal/2015/02/04/massive-data-breach-at-health-insurer-anthem-reveals-social-security-numbers-and-more.Google Scholar
- (2016) Identity verification using a kinematic memory detection technique. Hale K, Stanney K, eds. Adv. Neuroergonomics Cognitive Engrg., Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol. 488 (Springer, Cham, Switzerland), 123–132.Google Scholar
- (2017) The detection of faked identity using unexpected questions and mouse dynamics. PLoS One 12(5):e0177851.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Covert lie detection using keyboard dynamics. Sci. Rep. 8(1):1–10.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2000) Keystroke dynamics as a biometric for authentication. Future Generation Comput. Systems 16(4):351–359.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2023) How insurance carriers can tackle fraud with behavioral biometrics. Celebrus, https://www.celebrus.com/blogs/fdp/tackle-fraud-behavioral-biometrics-insurance.Google Scholar
- NameTag (2022) What is NIST IAL2 identity verification? NameTag (October 26), https://www.getnametag.com/newsroom/what-is-nist-ial2-identity-verification.Google Scholar
- (2005) Intentional false responding shares neural substrates with response conflict and cognitive control. Neuroimage 25(1):267–277.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2003) Comparing passwords, tokens, and biometrics for user authentication. Proc. IEEE 91(12):2021–2040.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) Fraud matrix: A morphological and analysis-based classification and taxonomy of fraud. Comput. Security 96(1):1–16.Google Scholar
- OpenView Partners (2022) OpenView product benchmarks report. Accessed February 9, 2026, https://openviewpartners.com/2022-product-benchmarks/.Google Scholar
- PaymentsJournal (2023) Too much payments friction can lead to customer chafing. Accessed February 9, 2026, https://www.paymentsjournal.com/too-much-payments-friction-can-lead-to-customer-chafing/.Google Scholar
- Pindrop (2022) 2022 voice intelligence & security report. Accessed February 9, 2026, https://go.pindrop.com/resources/report/2022-voice-intelligence-and-security-report/.Google Scholar
- (1992) Effects of the model’s skill level on observational motor learning. Res. Quart. Exercise Sport 63(1):25–29.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) A comprehensive review of keystroke dynamics-based authentication mechanism. Khanna A, Gupta D, Bhattacharyya S, Snasel V, Platos J, Hassanien A, eds. Internat. Conf. Innovative Comput. Comm., Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol. 1059 (Springer, Singapore), 149–162.Google Scholar
- (2019) Fighting back against synthetic identity fraud. McKinsey Company (January 2), https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/risk-and-resilience/our-insights/fighting-back-against-synthetic-identity-fraud.Google Scholar
- (2010) A review of vulnerabilities in identity management using biometrics. 2010 Second Internat. Conf. Future Networks (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ), 42–49.Google Scholar
- (2020a) Reducing proactive interference in motor tasks. J. Motor Behav. 52(3):372–381.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020b) Interindividual differences in the capability to change automatized movement patterns. Acta Psych. 204(1):1–9.Google Scholar
- Straits Research (2022) Identity verification market size, share and growth forecast 2030. Report, Straits Research, Pune, India.Google Scholar
- (2016) Developing business analytic capabilities for combating e-commerce identity fraud: A study of Trustev’s digital verification solution. Inform. Management 53(7):878–891.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2013) A survey of keystroke dynamics biometrics. Sci. World J. 13(1):1–24.Google Scholar
- (2011) Suspended accounts in retrospect: An analysis of Twitter spam. Proc. 2011 ACM SIGCOMM Conf. Internet Measurement (Association for Computing Machinery, New York), 243–258.Google Scholar
- (2017) Data of 143 million Americans exposed in hack of credit reporting agency Equifax. Washington Post (September 7), https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/equifax-hack-hits-credit-histories-of-up-to-143-million-americans/2017/09/07/a4ae6f82-941a-11e7-b9bc-b2f7903bab0d_story.html.Google Scholar
- (2014) The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size. Trends Sports Sci. 1(21):19–25.Google Scholar
- Trulioo (2017) Challenges for verifying names around the world. Accessed February 9, 2026, https://www.trulioo.com/blog/identity-verification/verifying-names.Google Scholar
- (2018) Authentication schemes and methods: A systematic literature review. Inform. Software Tech. 94(1):30–37.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2016) The key to success in elite athletes? Explicit and implicit motor learning in youth elite and non-elite soccer players. J. Sports Sci. 34(18):1782–1790.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2009) Automated stress detection using keystroke and linguistic features: An exploratory study. Internat. J. Human-Comput. Stud. 67(10):870–886.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2015) APATE: A novel approach for automated credit card transaction fraud detection using network-based extensions. Decision Support Systems 75(1):38–48.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2008) Detecting Lies and Deceit: Pitfalls and Opportunities (John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK).Google Scholar
- (2017) A cognitive approach to lie detection: A meta‐analysis. Legal Criminological Psych. 22(1):1–21.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) The path of the righteous: Using trace data to understand fraud decisions in real time. MIS Quart. 46(4):2317–2336.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2004) Movement trajectories in the presence of a distracting stimulus: Evidence for a response activation model of selective reaching. Quart. J. Experiment. Psych. 57(6):1031–1057.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2016) Intelligent financial fraud detection: A comprehensive review. Comput. Security 57(1):47–66.Crossref, Google Scholar
- World Bank Group (2021) ID4D & G2Px annual report. World Bank Group, Washington, DC, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/436051643089705385/pdf/Identification-for-Development-ID4D-and-Digitalizing-G2P-Payments-G2Px-2021-Annual-Report.pdf.Google Scholar
- (2020) Fake online reviews: Literature review, synthesis, and directions for future research. Decision Support Systems 132(1):1–15.Google Scholar
- (2022) Peer-to-peer loan fraud detection: Constructing features from transaction data. MIS Quart. 46(3):1777–1792.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2008) Behavioural biometrics: A survey and classification. Internat. J. Biometrics 1(1):81–113.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1999) Password security: An empirical study. J. Management Inform. Systems 15(4):161–185.Crossref, Google Scholar

