Does Social Bot Help Socialize? Evidence from a Microblogging Platform

References

• Agius N (2023) X launches its ChatGPT rival: Grok. https://searchengineland.com/x-officially-launches-its-chatgpt-rival-grok-435584.Google Scholar
• Athey S, Wager S (2021) Policy learning with observational data. Econometrica 89(1):133–161.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bach P, Chernozhukov V, Kurz MS, Spindler M (2022) DoubleML - An object-oriented implementation of double machine learning in Python. J. Machine Learn. Res. 23(53):1–6.Google Scholar
• Beattie H, Watkins L, Robinson WH, Rubin A, Watkins S (2022) Measuring and mitigating bias in AI-chatbots. 2022 IEEE Internat. Conf. Assured Autonomy (ICAA) (IEEE, New York), 117–123.Google Scholar
• Benjamin V, Raghu T (2023) Augmenting social bot detection with crowd-generated labels. Inform. Systems Res. 34(2):487–507.Link, Google Scholar
• Brendel AB, Hildebrandt F, Dennis AR, Riquel J (2023) The paradoxical role of humanness in aggression toward conversational agents. J. Management Inform. Systems 40(3):883–913.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cengiz D, Dube A, Lindner A, Zipperer B (2019) The effect of minimum wages on low-wage jobs. Quart. J. Econom. 134(3):1405–1454.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chandra S, Shirish A, Srivastava SC (2022) To be or not to be… human? Theorizing the role of human-like competencies in conversational artificial intelligence agents. J. Management Inform. Systems 39(4):969–1005.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chaves AP, Gerosa MA (2021) How should my chatbot interact? A survey on social characteristics in human–chatbot interaction design. Internat. J. Human Comput. Interaction 37(8):729–758.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chernozhukov V, Chetverikov D, Demirer M, Duflo E, Hansen C, Newey W, Robins J (2018) Double/debiased machine learning for treatment and structural parameters. Econom. J. 21(1):C1–C68.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cialdini RB, Reno RR, Kallgren CA (1990) A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 58(6):1015–1026.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dautenhahn K (2007) Socially intelligent robots: Dimensions of human-robot interaction. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 362(1480):679–704.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Delkhosh F, Gopal RD, Patterson RA, Yaraghi N (2023) Impact of bot involvement in an incentivized blockchain-based online social media platform. J. Management Inform. Systems 40(3):778–806.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dhingra S, Singh M, Vaisakh S, Malviya N, Gill SS (2023) Mind meets machine: Unravelling GPT-4’s cognitive psychology. BenchCouncil Trans. Benchmarks Standards Evaluations 3(3):1–5.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Elyoseph Z, Hadar-Shoval D, Asraf K, Lvovsky M (2023) ChatGPT outperforms humans in emotional awareness evaluations. Frontiers Psych. 14:1–7.Google Scholar
• Faggella D (2018) How companies are using chatbots for marketing: Use cases and inspiration. https://martech.org/how-companies-are-chatbots-marketing/.Google Scholar
• Faverio M, Sidoti O (2024) Teens, social media and technology 2024. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2024/12/12/teens-social-media-and-technology-2024/.Google Scholar
• Feine J, Gnewuch U, Morana S, Maedche A (2019) A taxonomy of social cues for conversational agents. Internat. J. Human Comput. Stud. 132:138–161.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gambino A, Fox J, Ratan RA (2020) Building a stronger CASA: Extending the computers are social actors paradigm. Human Machine Comm. 1:71–85.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gnewuch U, Morana S, Hinz O, Kellner R, Maedche A (2024) More than a bot? The impact of disclosing human involvement on customer interactions with hybrid service agents. Inform. Systems Res. 35(3):936–955.Link, Google Scholar
• Han E, Yin D, Zhang H (2023) Bots with feelings: Should AI agents express positive emotion in customer service? Inform. Systems Res. 34(3):1296–1311.Link, Google Scholar
• He Q, Hong Y, Raghu T (2024) Platform governance with algorithm-based content moderation: An empirical study on Reddit. Inform. Systems Res., ePub ahead of print August 21, https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2021.0036.Link, Google Scholar
• Hertzum M, Hornbæk K (2023) Frustration: Still a common user experience. ACM Trans. Comput. Human Interaction 30(3):1–26.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hilverda F, Kuttschreuter M, Giebels E (2018) The effect of online social proof regarding organic food: Comments and likes on Facebook. Frontiers Comm. 3:30.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Karahanna E, Xu SX, Xu Y, Zhang N (2018) The needs–affordances–features perspective for the use of social media. MIS Quart. 42(3):737–756.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Li L, Lee KY, Emokpae E, Yang SB (2021) What makes you continuously use chatbot services? Evidence from Chinese online travel agencies. Electronic Markets 31:575–599.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lindström B, Bellander M, Schultner DT, Chang A, Tobler PN, Amodio DM (2021) A computational reward learning account of social media engagement. Nature Comm. 12(1):1311.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Liu M, Tang X, Xia S, Zhang S, Zhu Y, Meng Q (2023) Algorithm aversion: Evidence from ridesharing drivers. Management Sci., ePub ahead of print October 3, https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.02475.Google Scholar
• Mathur L, Liang PP, Morency LP (2024) Advancing social intelligence in AI agents: Technical challenges and open questions. Preprint, submitted April 17, https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.11023.Google Scholar
• McIntosh TR, Liu T, Susnjak T, Watters P, Ng A, Halgamuge MN (2023) A culturally sensitive test to evaluate nuanced GPT hallucination. IEEE Trans. Artificial Intelligence 5(6):2739–2751.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mozafari N, Weiger WH, Hammerschmidt M (2021) Trust me, I’m a bot—Repercussions of chatbot disclosure in different service frontline settings. J. Service Management 33(2):221–245.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nass C, Moon Y (2000) Machines and mindlessness: Social responses to computers. J. Soc. Issues 56(1):81–103.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Oh S, Syn SY (2015) Motivations for sharing information and social support in social media: A comparative analysis of Facebook, Twitter, Delicious, YouTube, and Flickr. J. Assoc. Inform. Sci. Tech. 66(10):2045–2060.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Orabi M, Mouheb D, Al Aghbari Z, Kamel I (2020) Detection of bots in social media: A systematic review. Inform. Processing Management 57(4):102250.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Radziwill NM, Benton MC (2017) Evaluating quality of chatbots and intelligent conversational agents. Preprint, submitted April 15, https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.04579.Google Scholar
• Reuters (2024) UK parcel firm disables AI after poetic bot goes rogue. https://www.reuters.com/technology/uk-parcel-firm-disables-ai-after-poetic-bot-goes-rogue-2024-01-20/.Google Scholar
• Sachdeva A, Kim A, Dennis AR (2024) Taking the chat out of chatbot? Collecting user reviews with chatbots and web forms. J. Management Inform. Systems 41(1):146–177.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Safadi H, Lalor JP, Berente N (2024) The effect of bots on human interaction in online communities. MIS Quart. 48(3):1279–1296.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Salge CADL, Karahanna E, Thatcher JB (2022) Algorithmic processes of social alertness and social transmission: How bots disseminate information on Twitter. MIS Quart. 46(1):229–260.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Schanke S, Burtch G, Ray G (2021) Estimating the impact of “humanizing” customer service chatbots. Inform. Systems Res. 32(3):736–751.Link, Google Scholar
• Schuetzler RM, Grimes GM, Scott Giboney J (2020) The impact of chatbot conversational skill on engagement and perceived humanness. J. Management Inform. Systems 37(3):875–900.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Seeger AM, Pfeiffer J, Heinzl A (2021) Texting with humanlike conversational agents: Designing for anthropomorphism. J. Assoc. Inform. Systems 22(4):8.Google Scholar
• Shao C, Ciampaglia GL, Varol O, Yang KC, Flammini A, Menczer F (2018) The spread of low-credibility content by social bots. Nature Comm. 9(1):4787.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Si WM, Backes M, Blackburn J, De Cristofaro E, Stringhini G, Zannettou S, Zhang Y (2022) Why so toxic? Measuring and triggering toxic behavior in open-domain chatbots. Proc. 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conf. Comput. Comm. Security (Association for Computing Machinery, New York), 2659–2673.Google Scholar
• Statista (2024) Average number of daily active users of Weibo corporation from 4th quarter 2018 to 4th quarter 2024. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1058070/china-sina-weibo-dau.Google Scholar
• Stock JH, Yogo M (2005) Testing for weak instruments in linear IV regression. Andrews DWK, Stock JH, eds. Identification and Inference for Econometric Models: Essays in Honor of Thomas Rothenberg (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK), 80–108.Google Scholar
• Ta V, Griffith C, Boatfield C, Wang X, Civitello M, Bader H, DeCero E, Loggarakis A (2020) User experiences of social support from companion chatbots in everyday contexts: Thematic analysis. J. Medical Internet Res. 22(3):e16235.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Xu M, Yu Z, Tu Y (2023) I will get a reward, too: When disclosing the referrer reward increases referring. J. Marketing Res. 60(2):355–370.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Xu A, Liu Z, Guo Y, Sinha V, Akkiraju R (2017) A new chatbot for customer service on social media. Proc. 2017 CHI Conf. Human Factors Comput. Systems (Association for Computing Machinery, New York), 3506–3510.Google Scholar
• Yang J, Jin H, Tang R, Han X, Feng Q, Jiang H, Zhong S, Yin B, Hu X (2024) Harnessing the power of LLMs in practice: A survey on ChatGPT and beyond. ACM Trans. Knowledge Discovery Data 18(6):1–32.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zampieri M, Malmasi S, Nakov P, Rosenthal S, Farra N, Kumar R (2019) Predicting the type and target of offensive posts in social media. Preprint, submitted February 25, https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.09666.Google Scholar
• Zell AL, Moeller L (2018) Are you happy for me … on Facebook? The potential importance of “likes” and comments. Comput. Human Behav. 78:26–33.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Zhou M, Lee GM (2024) AI voice in online video platforms: A multimodal perspective on content creation and consumption. Preprint, submitted November 20, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4676705.Google Scholar