When Do Equity Appeals Increase Giving? Evidence from Educational Crowdfunding

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2024.1190

References

  • Ai W, Chen R, Chen Y, Mei Q, Phillips W (2016) Recommending teams promotes prosocial lending in online microfinance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113(52):14944–14948.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Alesina A, La Ferrara E (2005) Preferences for redistribution in the land of opportunities. J. Public Econom. 89(5–6):897–931.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Andreoni J (1990) Impure altruism and donations to public goods: A theory of warm-glow giving. Econom. J. 100(401):464–477.Google Scholar
  • Babar Y, Mahdavi Adeli A, Burtch G (2023) The effects of online social identity signals on retailer demand. Management Sci. 69(12):7335–7346.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Baker BD (2014) America’s most financially disadvantaged school districts and how they got that way: How state and local governance causes school funding disparities, Center for American Progress, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
  • Beller E, Hout M (2006) Intergenerational social mobility: The United States in comparative perspective. Future Child 16(2):19–36.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Belley P, Lochner L (2007) The changing role of family income and ability in determining educational achievement. J. Human Capital 1(1):37–89.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Burtch G, Ghose A, Wattal S (2014) Cultural differences and geography as determinants of online prosocial lending. MIS Quart. 38(3):773–794.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Busse MR, Israeli A, Zettelmeyer F (2017) Repairing the damage: The effect of price knowledge and gender on auto repair price quotes. J. Marketing Res. 54(1):75–95.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Calonico S, Cattaneo MD, Farrell MH, Titiunik R (2017) rdrobust: Software for regression-discontinuity designs. Stata J. 17(2):372–404.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Card D, Chetty R, Weber A (2007) The spike at benefit exhaustion: Leaving the unemployment system or starting a new job? Amer. Econom. Rev. 97(2):113–118.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Cattaneo MD, Jansson M, Ma X (2018) Manipulation testing based on density discontinuity. Stata J. 18(1):234–261.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Chan J, Wang J (2018) Hiring preferences in online labor markets: Evidence of a female hiring bias. Management Sci. 64(7):2973–2994.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Craig MA, Richeson JA (2014) On the precipice of a “majority-minority” America: Perceived status threat from the racial demographic shift affects White Americans’ political ideology. Psych. Sci. 25(6):1189–1197.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Da Fonseca D, Cury F, Bailly D, Rufo M (2004) Role of the implicit theories of intelligence in learning situations. Encephale 30(5):456–463.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Devine PG, Forscher PS, Austin AJ, Cox WT (2012) Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 48(6):1267–1278.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Dover TL, Kaiser CR, Major B (2020) Mixed signals: The unintended effects of diversity initiatives. Soc. Issues Policy Rev. 14(1):152–181.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Edelman B, Luca M, Svirsky D (2017) Racial discrimination in the sharing economy: Evidence from a field experiment. Amer. Econom. J. Appl. Econom. 9(2):1–22.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ellwood D, Kane TJ (2000) Who is getting a college education? Family background and the growing gaps in enrollment. Danziger S, Waldfogel J, eds. Securing the Future: Investing in Children from Birth to College (Russell Sage Foundation, New York), 283–324.Google Scholar
  • Fang Z, Tan X, Xiao S, Tan Y (2021) More than double your impact: An empirical study of match offers on charitable crowdfunding platforms. Preprint, submitted April 9, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3822051.Google Scholar
  • FitzGerald C, Martin A, Berner D, Hurst S (2019) Interventions designed to reduce implicit prejudices and implicit stereotypes in real world contexts: A systematic review. BMC Psych. 7(1):29.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Fong C (2001) Social preferences, self-interest, and the demand for redistribution. J. Public Econom. 82(2):225–246.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gao Q, Lin M, Wu DJ (2021) Education crowdfunding and student performance: An empirical study. Inform. Systems Res. 32(1):53–71.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Gonzalez HB, Kuenzi JJ (2012) Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education: A Primer (Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Washington, DC).Google Scholar
  • Gramlich J (2023) Americans and affirmative action: How the public sees the consideration of race in college admissions, hiring. Pew Res. Center (June 16), https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/06/16/americans-and-affirmative-action-how-the-public-sees-the-consideration-of-race-in-college-admissions-hiring/.Google Scholar
  • Greenberg J, Mollick E (2015) Leaning in or leaning on? Gender, homophily, and activism in crowdfunding. Acad. Management Proc. 2015(1):189.Google Scholar
  • Greenwald AG, McGhee DE, Schwartz JL (1998) Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 74(6):1464–1480.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Harris EE, Neely DG, Saxton GD (2023) Social media, signaling, and donations: testing the financial returns on nonprofits’ social media investment. Rev. Accounting Stud. 28(2):658–688.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hsieh JPA, Rai A, Keil M (2011) Addressing digital inequality for the socioeconomically disadvantaged through government initiatives: Forms of capital that affect ICT utilization. Inform. Systems Res. 22(2):233–253.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Hur YY, Jin F, Li X, Cheng Y, Hu YJ (2023) Does social influence change with other information sources? A large-scale randomized experiment in medical crowdfunding. Inform. Systems Res. 34(4):1476–1492.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Imbens GW, Lemieux T (2008) Regression discontinuity designs: A guide to practice. J. Econom. 142(2):615–635.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Jetten J, Peters K (2019) The Social Psychology of Inequality (Springer, Cham, Switzerland).CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Karlan D, List JA, Shafir E (2011) Small matches and charitable giving: Evidence from a natural field experiment. J. Public Econom. 95(5–6):344–350.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kawai K, Onishi K, Uetake K (2022) Signaling in online credit markets. J. Political Econom. 130(6):1585–1629.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Keele LJ, Titiunik R (2015) Geographic boundaries as regression discontinuities. Political Anal. 23(1):127–155.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Keppler SM, Li J, Wu D (2022) Crowdfunding the front lines: An empirical study of teacher-driven school improvement. Management Sci. 68(12):8809–8828.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Kim A, Liu CW (2025) When good intentions backfire: The asymmetric effects of minority-ownership markers for businesses on online platforms. J. Management Inform. Systems 42(4):1243–1278.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kuklinski JH, Sniderman PM, Knight K, Piazza T, Tetlock PE, Lawrence GR, Mellers B (1997) Racial prejudice and attitudes toward affirmative action. Amer. J. Political Sci. 41(2):402–419.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Langer N, Gopal RD, Bapna R (2020) Onward and upward? An empirical investigation of gender and promotions in information technology services. Inform. Systems Res. 31(2):383–398.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Lee DS, Lemieux T (2010) Regression discontinuity designs in economics. J. Econom. Literature 48(2):281–355.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Lin M, Viswanathan S (2016) Home bias in online investments: An empirical study of an online crowdfunding market. Management Sci. 62(5):1393–1414.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Ma X, Wang H, Jiang DL (2025) Understanding the challenges faced by digital platforms in promoting minority-owned small retailers: Evidence from the disclosure of the LGBTQ identity. Preprint, submitted May 7, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5239573.Google Scholar
  • Matsudaira JD (2008) Mandatory summer school and student achievement. J. Econom. 142(2):829–850.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • McCrary J (2008) Manipulation of the running variable in the regression discontinuity design: A density test. J. Econom. 142(2):698–714.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Mejia J, Parker C (2021) When transparency fails: Bias and financial incentives in ridesharing platforms. Management Sci. 67(1):166–184.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Parker K (2019) The growing partisan divide in views of higher education. Pew Res. Center (August 19), https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2019/08/19/the-growing-partisan-divide-in-views-of-higher-education-2/.Google Scholar
  • Parker K, Horowitz JM, Brown A, Fry R, Cohn D, Igielnik R, Menasce Horowitz J (2019) Race in America 2019. Pew Res. Center (April 9), https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2019/04/09/race-in-america-2019/.Google Scholar
  • Pew Research Center (2023) School district mission statements highlight a partisan divide over diversity, equity and inclusion in K–12 education. Pew Res. Center (April 4), https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2023/04/04/school-district-mission-statements-highlight-a-partisan-divide-over-diversity-equity-and-inclusion-in-k-12-education/.Google Scholar
  • Piff PK, Kraus MW, Côté S, Cheng BH, Keltner D (2010) Having less, giving more: The influence of social class on prosocial behavior. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 99(5):771–784.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Pondorfer A, Barsbai T, Schmidt U (2017) Gender differences in stereotypes of risk preferences: Experimental evidence from a matrilineal and a patrilineal society. Management Sci. 63(10):3268–3284.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Posey-Maddox L (2016) Beyond the consumer: Parents, privatization, and fundraising in US urban public schooling. J. Ed. Policy 31(2):178–197.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Reuben E, Sapienza P, Zingales L (2014) How stereotypes impair women’s careers in science. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111(12):4403–4408.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Rogers-Chapman MF (2014) Accessing STEM-focused education: Factors that contribute to the opportunity to attend STEM high schools across the United States. Ed. Urban Soc. 46(6):716–737.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Rudman LA, Kilianski SE (2000) Implicit and explicit attitudes toward female authority. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 26(11):1315–1328.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Sabzehzar A, Burtch G, Hong Y, Raghu TS (2023) Putting religious bias in context: How offline and online contexts shape religious bias in online prosocial lending. MIS Quart. 47(1):33–62.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Saxton GD, Wang L (2014) The social network effect: The determinants of giving through social media. Nonprofit Voluntary Sector Quart. 43(5):850–868.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Skitka LJ, Mullen E, Griffin T, Hutchinson S, Chamberlin B (2002) Dispositions, scripts, or motivated correction? Understanding ideological differences in explanations for social problems. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 83(2):470–487.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Spence M (1978) Job market signaling. Diamond P, Rothschild M, eds. Uncertainty in Economics (Academic Press, Cambridge, MA), 281–306.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Tajfel H, Turner J (2000) An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. Hatch MJ, Schultz M, eds. Organizational Identity: A Reader (Oxford Academic, Oxford, UK), 56–65.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • U.S. Census Bureau (2024) Largest year-to-year increase in over 20 years for public school spending per pupil. Retrieved February 27, https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2024/public-school-spending-per-pupil.html.Google Scholar
  • Wang H, Overby E (2023) Do political differences inhibit market transactions? An investigation in the context of online lending. Management Sci. 69(8):4685–4706.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Wu A, Garimella A, Subramanyam R (2025) When top-down meets bottom-up: Legislative signals and online crowdfunding. Inform. Systems Res. 36(4):2309–2326.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Yeager DS, Dweck CS (2012) Mindsets that promote resilience: When students believe that personal characteristics can be developed. Ed. Psych. 47(4):302–314.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Younkin P, Kuppuswamy V (2018) The colorblind crowd? Founder race and performance in crowdfunding. Management Sci. 64(7):3269–3287.LinkGoogle Scholar
INFORMS site uses cookies to store information on your computer. Some are essential to make our site work; Others help us improve the user experience. By using this site, you consent to the placement of these cookies. Please read our Privacy Statement to learn more.