Enhancing the Motivational Affordance of Information Systems: The Effects of Real-Time Performance Feedback and Goal Setting in Group Collaboration Environments

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1090.1129

References

  • Agarwal R., Venkatesh V. Assessing a firm's Web presence: A heuristic evaluation procedure for the measurement of usability. Inform. Systems Res. (2002) 13(2):168–186LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Albanese R., Van Fleet D. D. Rational behavior in groups: The free riding tendency. Acad. Management Rev. (1985) 10(2):244–255CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Amabile T. M.The Social Psychology of Creativity (1983) (Springer Verlag, New York) CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Arrow H.Small Groups as Complex Systems: Formation, Coordination, Development, and Adaptation (2000) (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA) CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ashford S. J., Cummings L. L. Feedback as an individual resource: Personal strategies of creating information. Organ. Behav. Human Performance (1983) 32(3):370–398CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Austin J. T., Bobko P. Goal setting theory: Unexplored areas and future research needs. J. Occupational Psych. (1985) 58(4):289–308CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Avital M., Boland R. J., Avital M., Boland R. J., Cooperrider D. L. Managing as designing with a positive lens. Designing Information and Organizations with a Positive Lens (2008) 2Advances in Appreciative Inquiry(JAI Press, Amsterdam) 3–14Google Scholar
  • Avital M., Lyytinen K., Boland R., Butler B. S., Dougherty D., Fineout M., Jansen W., Levina N., Rifkin W., Venable J. Design with a positive lens: An affirmative approach to designing information and organizations. Comm. Assoc. Inform. Systems (2006) 18(1, Article 25). http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol18/iss1/25Google Scholar
  • Bandura A., Locke E. A. Negative self-efficacy and goal effects revisited. J. Appl. Psych. (2003) 88(1):87–99CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Barki H., Pinsonneault A. Small group brainstorming and idea quality: Is electronic brainstorming the most effective approach? Small Group Res. (2001) 32(2):158–205CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Bjelland O. M., Chapman Wood R. An inside view of IBM's “Innovation Jam.”. MIT Sloan Management Rev. (2008) 50(1):32–40Google Scholar
  • Brown B., Paulus P. B. A simple dynamic model of social factors in group brainstorming. Small Group Res. (1996) 27(1):91–114CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Brown B., Tumeo M., Larey T. S., Paulus P. B. Modeling cognitive interactions during group brainstorming. Small Group Res. (1998) 29(4):495–526CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Cacioppo J. T., Petty R. E. The need for cognition. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1982) 42(1):116–131CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Cameron K. S., Dutton J. E., Quinn R. E.Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline (2003) (Berrett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco) Google Scholar
  • Chidambaram L., Tung L. L. Is out of sight, out of mind? An empirical study of social loafing in technology-supported groups. Inform. Systems Res. (2005) 16(2):149–168LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Cisco Systems Accessed October 15. (2009) . http://blogs.cisco.com/virtualworlds/comments/cisco_live_in_second_life/Google Scholar
  • Connolly T., Jessup L. M., Valacich J. S. Effects of anonymity and evaluative tone on idea generation in computer-mediated groups. Management Sci. (1990) 36(6):689–703LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Cooper W. H., Gallupe R. B., Pollard S., Cadsby J. Some liberating effects of anonymous electronic brainstorming. Small Group Res. (1998) 29(2):147–178CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Csikszentmihalyi M.Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience (1990) (Harper and Row, New York) Google Scholar
  • Davis F. D., Bagozzi R. P., Warshaw P. R. User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management Sci. (1989) 35(8):982–1003LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Davis F. D., Bagozzi R. P., Warshaw P. R. Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation to use computers in the workplace. J. Appl. Psych. (1992) 22(14):1111–1132Google Scholar
  • DeLone W. H., McLean E. R. Information systems success: The quest for the dependent variable. Inform. Systems Res. (1992) 3(1):60–95LinkGoogle Scholar
  • DeLone W. H., McLean E. R. The DeLone and McLean model of information systems success: A ten-year update. J. Management Inform. Systems (2003) 19(4):9–30CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Dennis A. R., Valacich J. S. Computer brainstorms: More heads are better than one. J. Appl. Psych. (1993) 78(4):531–537CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Dennis A. R., Valacich J. S. Electronic brainstorming: Illusions and patterns of productivity. Inform. Systems Res. (1999) 10(4):375–377LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Dennis A. R., Valacich J. S. Conducting experimental research in information systems. Comm. Assoc. Inform. Systems (2001) 7(1, Article 5). http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol7/iss1/5Google Scholar
  • Dennis A. R., Williams M. L., Paulus P. B., Nijstad B. Electronic brainstorming: Theory, research, and future directions. Group Creativity: Innovation Through Collaboration (2003) (Oxford University Press, New York) 160–178CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Dennis A. R., Aronson J. E., Heninger W. G., Walker E. D. Structuring time and task in electronic brainstorming. MIS Quart. (1999) 23(1):95–108CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Dennis A. R., Valacich J. S., Connolly T., Wynne B. E. Process structuring in electronic brainstorming. Inform. Systems Res. (1996) 7(2):268–277LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Dennis A. R., Valacich J. S., Carte T., Garfield M., Haley B., Aronson J. The effectiveness of multiple dialogues in electronic brainstorming. Inform. Systems Res. (1997) 8(2):196–211LinkGoogle Scholar
  • DeSanctis G., Gallupe R. B. A foundation for the study of decision support systems. Management Sci. (1987) 33(5):589–609LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Devine D. J., Philips J. L. Do smarter teams do better: A meta-analysis of cognitive ability and team performance. Small Group Res. (2001) 32(5):507–532CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • de Vreede G. J., Vogel D. R., Kolfschoten G., Wien J. Fifteen years of GSS in the field: A comparison across time and national boundaries. Proc. 36th Annual Hawaii Internat. Conf. System Sci. (2003) (IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC) 9.1CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Diehl M., Stroebe W. Productivity loss in brainstorming groups: Toward the solution of riddle. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1987) 53(3):497–509CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Driskell J. E., Hogan R., Salas E., Hendrick C. Personality and group performance. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations. Review of Personality and Social Psychology (1987) (Sage)91–112Google Scholar
  • Festinger L., Pepitone A., Newcomb T. Some consequences of deindividuation in a group. J. Abnormal Soc. Psych. (1952) 47(2S):382–389CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gallupe R. B., Bastianutti L. M., Cooper W. H. Unblocking brainstorms. J. Appl. Psych. (1991) 76(1):137–142CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gallupe R. B., Dennis A. R., Cooper W. H., Valacich J. S., Bastianutti L. M., Nunamaker J. F. Electronic brainstorming and group size. Acad. Management J. (1992) 35(2):350–369CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ganley D., Lampe C. The ties that bind: Social network principles in online communities. Decision Support Systems (2009) 47(3):266–274CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gordon M. E., Slade L. A., Schmitt N. The “science of the sophomore” revisited: From conjecture to empiricism. Acad. Management Rev. (1986) 11(1):191–207Google Scholar
  • GroupSystems NATO case study. (2009) . Retrieved January 14, http://www.groupsystems.com/documents/case_studies/nato.pdfGoogle Scholar
  • Gryskiewicz S. S., Grohhaug K., Kaufmann G. Trial by fire in an industrial setting: A practical evaluation of thee creative problem-solving techniques. Innovation: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach (1988) (Norwegian University Press, Oslo, Norway) 205–232Google Scholar
  • Hackman J. J., Morris C. G., Berkowitz L. Group tasks, group interaction process, and group performance effectiveness: A review and proposed integration. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (1975) 8(Academic Press, New York) 45–99CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Harkins S. G., Petty R. E. Effects of task difficulty and task uniqueness on social loafing. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1982) 43(6):1214–1229CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Heckhausen H.The Anatomy of Achievement Motivation (1967) (Academic Press, New York) Google Scholar
  • Heslin P. A. Better than brainstorming? Potential contextual boundary conditions to brainwriting for idea generation in organizations. J. Occupational Organ. Psych. (2009) 82(1):129–145CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hiltz S. R., Turoff M. Structuring computer-mediated communication systems to avoid information overload. Comm. ACM (1985) 28(7):680–689CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hiltz S. R., Turoff M., Johnson K. Experiments in group decision making, 3: Disinhibition, deindividuation, and group process in pen name and real name computer conferences. Decision Support Systems (1989) 5(2):217–232CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hinsz V. B. Individual versus group decision making: Social comparison in goals for individual task performance. J. Appl. Soc. Psych. (1991) 21(12):987–1003CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hollenbeck J. R., Williams C. R., Klein H. J. An empirical examination of the antecedents of commitment to difficult goals. J. Appl. Psych. (1989) 74(1):18–23CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ivancevich J. M. Different goal setting treatments and their effects on performance and job satisfaction. Acad. Management J. (1977) 20(3):406–419CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Jessup L. M. The deindividuating effects of anonymity on automated group idea generation. (1989) . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona, TucsonGoogle Scholar
  • Jessup L. M., George J. F. Theoretical and methodological issues in group support systems research: Learning from groups gone awry. Small Group Res. (1997) 28(3):394–413CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Jessup L. M., Connolly T., Galegher J. The effects of anonymity on GDSS group process with an idea-generating task. MIS Quart. (1990) 14(3):313–321CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kahai S. S., Avolio B. J., Sosik J. J. Effects of source and participant anonymity and difference in initial opinions in an EMS context. Decision Sci. (1998) 29(2):427–460CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Karau S. J., Williams K. D. Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1993) 65(4):681–706CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Keeker K. Improving Web site usability and appeal: Guidelines compiled by MSN usability research. (1997) . Retrieved December 16, 2001, http://msdn.microsoft.com/workshop/management/planning/improvingsiteusa.aspGoogle Scholar
  • Kerr N. L. Motivation losses in small groups: A social dilemma analysis. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1983) 45(4):819–828CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kiesler S., Sproull L. Group decision-making and communication technology. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes (1992) 52(1):96–123CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Larey T. S., Paulus P. B. Social comparison and goal setting in brainstorming groups. J. Appl. Soc. Psych. (1995) 25(18):1579–1596CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Latane B., Williams K. D., Harkins S. G. Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1979) 37(6):823–832CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Latham G. P., Marshall H. A. The effects of self-set, participatively set, and assigned goals on the performance of government employees. Personnel Psych. (1982) 35(2):399–404CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Locke E. A.Generalizing from Laboratory to Field Settings: Research Findings from Industrial Organization, Organizational Behavior, and Human Resource Management (1986) (Lexington Books, Lexington, MA) Google Scholar
  • Locke E. A., Latham G. P.A Theory of Goal Setting and Performance (1990) (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Google Scholar
  • Locke E. A., Latham G. P. Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. Amer. Psychologist (2002) 57(9):705–717CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Locke E. A., Cartledge N., Koeppel J. Motivational effects of knowledge of results: A goal setting phenomenon. Psych. Bull. (1968) 70(6):474–485CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Locke E. A., Saari L. M., Shaw K. N., Latham G. P. Goal setting and task performance: 1969–1980. Psych. Bull. (1981) 90(1):125–152CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Luthans F.Organizational Behavior (2002) 9(McGraw-Hill/Irwin, Boston) Google Scholar
  • Malone T. W. Toward a theory of intrinsically motivating instruction. Cognitive Sci. (1981) 5(4):333–369CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Malone T. W. Heuristics for designing enjoyable user interfaces: Lessons from computer games. Proc. 1982 Conf. Human Factors Comput. Systems (1982) (ACM, New York) 63–68CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • McClelland D. C., Atkinson J. W., Clark R. A., Lowell E. L.The Achievement Motive (1953) (Appleton-Century-Crofts, East Norwalk, CT) Century psychology seriesCrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • McGrath J. E. Dilemmatics: The study of research choices and dilemmas. Amer. Behav. Scientist (1981) 25(2):179–210CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • McGrath J. E.Groups: Interaction and Performance (1984) (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Google Scholar
  • McGrath J. E. Time, interaction, and performance (TIP): A theory of groups. Small Group Res. (1991) 22(2):147–174CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Michener H. A., DeLamater J. D.Social Psychology (1999) 4(Harcourt Brace, Orlando, FL) Google Scholar
  • Mullen B., Johnson C., Salas E. Productivity loss in brainstorming groups: A meta-analytic integration. Basic Appl. Soc. Psych. (1991) 12(1):3–23CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Muller A., Välikangas L. Extending the boundary of corporate innovation. Strategy & Leadership (2002) 30(3):4–9CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Nadler D. A. The effects of feedback on task group behavior: A review of the experimental research. Organ. Behav. Human Performance (1979) 23(3):309–338CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Nagasundaram M., Dennis A. R. When a group is not a group: The cognitive foundation of group idea generation. Small Group Res. (1993) 24(4):463–489CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Nijstad B. A., Stroebe W., Lodewijkx H. F. M. Persistence of brainstorming groups: How do people know when to stop? J. Exp. Soc. Psych. (1999) 35(2):165–185CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Nunamaker J. F., Briggs R. O., Mittleman D. D., Vogel D. R., Balthazard P. A. Lessons from a dozen years of group support systems research: A discussion of lab and field findings. J. Management Inform. Systems (1996) 13(3):163–207CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Nunamaker J. F., Dennis A. R., Valacich J. S., Vogel D. R., George J. F. Electronic meeting systems to support group work. Comm. ACM (1991) 34(7):40–61CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Osborn A. F.Applied Imagination (1957) (Scribner, New York) Google Scholar
  • Parks C. D., Sanna L. J.Group Performance and Interaction (1999) (Westview Press, Boulder, CO) Google Scholar
  • Paulus P. B., Brown V. R., Paulus P. B., Nijstad B. Ideational creativity in groups: Lessons from research on brainstorming. Group Creativity: Innovation Through Collaboration (2003) (Oxford University Press, New York) 110–136CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Paulus P. B., Larey T. S., Putman V. L., Leggett K. L., Roland E. J. Social influence processes in computer brainstorming. Basic Appl. Soc. Psych. (1996) 18(1):3–14CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Porter L. W., Lawler E. E.Managerial Attitudes and Performance (1968) (RD Irwin, Homewood, IL) Google Scholar
  • Reeve J.Understanding Motivation and Emotion (2005) 4th ed.(Wiley, Hoboken, NJ) Google Scholar
  • Reinig B. A., Briggs R. O., Nunamaker J. F. On the measurement of ideation quality. J. Management Inform. Systems (2007) 23(4):143–161CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Robbins S. P.Organizational Behavior (1998) 8(Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ) Google Scholar
  • Roch S. G., Lane J. A. S., Samuelson C. D., Allison S. T., Dent J. L. Cognitive load and the equity heuristic: A two-stage model of resource overconsumption in small groups. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes (2000) 83(2):185–212CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ruchala L. V. The influence of budget goal attainment on risk attitudes and escalation. Behav. Res. Accounting (1999) 11:161–191Google Scholar
  • Salancik G. R., Staw B. M., Salancik G. R. Commitment and the control of organizational behavior and belief. New Directions in Organizational Behavior (1977) (St. Clair Press, Chicago) 1–54Google Scholar
  • Sarker S., Sarker S., Joshi K. D., Nicholson D. Knowledge transfer in virtual systems development teams: An exploratory study of four key enablers. IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. (2005) 48(2):201–218CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Seijts G. H., Latham G. P. The effect of distal learning, outcome, and proximal goals on a moderately complex task. J. Organ. Behav. (2001) 22(3):291–307CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Seligman M. E. P., Csikszentmihalyi M. Positive psychology: An introduction. Amer. Psychologist (2000) 55(1):5–14CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Shadish W. R., Cook T. D., Campbell D. T.Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Causal Inference (2002) (Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston) Google Scholar
  • Shepherd M. M., Briggs R. O., Reinig B. A., Yen J., Nunamaker J. F. Invoking social comparison to improve electronic brainstorming: Beyond anonymity. J. Management Inform. Systems (1995) 12(3):155–170CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Shepperd J. A. Productivity loss in performance groups: A motivational analysis. Psych. Bull. (1993) 113(1):67–81CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Siegel J., Dubrovsky V., Kiesler S., McGuire T. W. Group processes in computer-mediated communication. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes (1986) 37(2):157–187CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Steiner I. D.Group Processes and Productivity (1972) (Academic Press, New York) Google Scholar
  • Straus S. G., McGrath J. E. Does the medium matter? The interaction of task type and technology on group performance and member reactions. J. Appl. Psych. (1994) 79(1):87–97CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Stroebe W., Diehl M., Abakoumkin G. The illusion of group effectivity. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. (1992) 18(5):643–650CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Szymanski K., Harkins S. G. Social loafing and self-evaluation with a social standard. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1987) 53(5):891–897CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Taylor S., Todd P. A. Understanding information technology usage: A test of competing models. Inform. Systems Res. (1995) 6(2):144–176LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Tversky A., Kahneman D. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science (1974) 185(4157):1124–1131CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Valacich J. S., Dennis A. R., Connolly T. Idea generation in computer-based groups: A new ending to an old story. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes (1994) 57(3):448–467CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Valacich J. S., Jung J. H., Looney C. The effects of individual cognitive ability and idea stimulation on individual idea generation performance. Group Dynam. (2006) 10(1):1–15CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Van de Ven A., Delbecq A. L. The effectiveness of nominal, Delphi, and interacting group decision making processes. Acad. Management J. (1974) 17(4):605–621CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Van Gundy A. B.Techniques of Structured Problem Solving (1981) (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York) Google Scholar
  • van Leeuwen E., van Knippenberg D. How a group goal may reduce social matching in group performance: Shifts in standards for determining a fair contribution of effort. J. Soc. Psych. (2002) 142(1):73–86CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Venkatesh V. Creation of favorable user perceptions: Exploring the role of intrinsic motivation. MIS Quart. (1999) 23(2):239–260CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Venkatesh V. Determinants of perceived ease of use: Integrating control, intrinsic motivation, and emotion into the technology acceptance model. Inform. Systems Res. (2000) 11(4):342–365LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Venkatesh V., Agarwal R. Turning visitors into customers: A usability-centric perspective on purchase behavior in e-channels. Management Sci. (2006) 52(3):367–382LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Venkatesh V., Johnson P. Telecommuting technology implementations: A within-and between-subjects longitudinal field study. Personnel Psych. (2002) 55(3):661–687CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Venkatesh V., Ramesh V. Web and wireless site usability: Understanding differences and modeling use. MIS Quart. (2006) 30(1):181–206CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Venkatesh V., Speier C. Computer technology training in the workplace: A longitudinal investigation of the effect of mood. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes (1999) 79(1):1–28CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Venkatesh V., Ramesh V., Massey A. P. Understanding usability in mobile commerce. Comm. ACM (2003) 46(12):53–56CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Venkatesh V., Morris M. G., Davis G. B., Davis F. D. User acceptance of technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quart. (2003) 27(3):425–478CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Vroom V.Work and Motivation (1964) (Wiley, New York) Google Scholar
  • Webster J., Martocchio J. J. Microcomputer playfulness: Development of a measure with workplace implications. MIS Quart. (1992) 16(2):201–226CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Weldon E., Mustari E. L. Felt dispensability in groups of coactors: The effects of shared responsibility and explicit anonymity on cognitive effort. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes (1988) 41(3):330–351CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Weldon E., Jehn K., Pradhan P. Processes that mediate the relationship between a group goal and improved group performance. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1991) 61(4):555–569CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Wheeler B. C., Valacich J. S. Facilitation, GSS, and training as sources of process restrictiveness and guidance for structured group decision making: An empirical assessment. Inform. Systems Res. (1996) 7(4):429–450LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Whetten D. A., Cameron K. S.Developing Management Skills (1998) 4(Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA) Google Scholar
  • White P. H., Kjelgaard M. M., Harkins S. G. Testing the contribution of self-evaluation to goal-setting effects. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1995) 69(1):69–79CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Wilson J., Jessup L. M. A field experiment on GSS anonymity and group member status. Proc. 28th Hawaii Internat. Conf. System Sci. (1995) (IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC) 212–221CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Woodman R., Sawyer J., Griffin R. Toward a theory of organizational creativity. Acad. Management Rev. (1993) 18(2):293–321CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Zajonc R. B. The effects of feedback and probability of group success on individual and group performance. Human Relations (1962) 15(2):149–161CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Zajonc R. B. Social facilitation. Science (1965) 149(16):269–274CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Zhang P. Motivational affordances: Reasons for ICT design and use. Comm. ACM (2008a) 51(11):145–147CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Zhang P., Avital M., Boland R. J., Cooperrider D. L. Toward a positive design theory: Principles for designing motivating information and communication technologies. Designing Information and Organizations with a Positive Lens (2008b) 2(JAI Press, Amsterdam) 45–74Advances in Appreciative InquiryGoogle Scholar
  • Zuckerman M., Brown R. H., Fox G. A., Lathin D. R., Minasian A. J. Determinants of information seeking behavior. J. Res. Personality (1979) 13(2):161–174CrossrefGoogle Scholar
INFORMS site uses cookies to store information on your computer. Some are essential to make our site work; Others help us improve the user experience. By using this site, you consent to the placement of these cookies. Please read our Privacy Statement to learn more.