The Small Firm Effect and the Entrepreneurial Spawning of Scientists and Engineers

References

• Astebro T., Thompson P.Entrepreneurs: Jacks of All Trades or Hobos? (2009) . Working paper, HEC Paris, ParisGoogle Scholar
• Blanchflower D. G., Oswald A. What makes an entrepreneur? J. Labor Econom. (1998) 16(1):29–60Crossref, Google Scholar
• Benz M., Frey B. S. Being independent is a great thing: Subjective evaluations of self-employment and hierarchy. Economica (2008) 75(298):362–383Crossref, Google Scholar
• Boden R. J. Gender and self-employment selection: An empirical assessment. J. Socio-Econom. (1996) 25(6):671–682Crossref, Google Scholar
• Borjas G. J., Bronars S. G. Consumer discrimination and self-employment. J. Political Econom. (1989) 108(3):604–631Google Scholar
• Braguinsky S., Ohyama A. Where does entrepreneurship pay? (2007) . Working paper, Carnegie Mellon University, PittsburghCrossref, Google Scholar
• Braguinsky S., Klepper S., Ohyama A. Schumpeterian entrepreneurship. (2009) . Working paper, Carnegie Mellon University, PittsburghCrossref, Google Scholar
• Brown C., Medoff J. The employer size-wage effect. J. Political Econom. (1989) 97(4):1027–1059Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brown C., Hamilton J., Medoff J.Employers Large and Small (1990) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Busenitz L. W., Barney J. B. Differences between entrepreneurs and managers in large organizations. J. Bus. Venturing (1997) 12(1):9–30Crossref, Google Scholar
• Davis S. J., Haltiwanger J., Schuh S.Job Creation and Destruction (1996) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Dobrev S. D., Barnett W. P. Organizational roles and transition to entrepreneurship. Acad. Management J. (2005) 48(3):433–449Crossref, Google Scholar
• Evans D. S. The relationship between firm growth, size, and age: Estimates for 100 manufacturing industries. J. Indust. Econom. (1987) 35(4):567–581Crossref, Google Scholar
• Evans D. S., Leighton L. S. Some empirical aspects of entrepreneurship. Amer. Econom. Rev. (1989) 79(3):519–535Google Scholar
• Even W. E., MacPherson D. A. Employer size and labor turnover: The role of pensions. Indust. Labor Relations Rev. (1996) 49(4):707–728Crossref, Google Scholar
• Garen J. E. Worker heterogeneity, job screening, and firm size. J. Political Econom. (1985) 93(4):715–740Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gompers P., Lerner J., Scharfstein D. Entrepreneurial spawning: Public corporations and the genesis of new ventures, 1986 to 1999. J. Finance (2005) 60(2):577–614Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gort M., Lee S.-H. The rewards to entrepreneurship. (2007) . Working paper, State University of New York, BuffaloCrossref, Google Scholar
• Haber S., Lamas E., Lichtenstein J. On their own: The self-employed and others in private business. Monthly Labor Rev. (1987) 110(5):17–23Google Scholar
• Halaby C. N. Where job values come from: Family and schooling background, cognitive ability, and gender. Amer. Sociol. Rev. (2003) 68(2):251–278Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hamilton B. H. Does entrepreneurship pay? An empirical analysis of the returns to self-employment. J. Political Econom. (2000) 108(3):604–631Crossref, Google Scholar
• Heckman J. J., Hotz V. J. Choosing among alternative nonexperimental methods for estimating the impact of social programs: The case of manpower training. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. (1989) 84(408):862–874Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hellman T. When do employees become entrepreneurs? Management Sci. (2007) 53(6):919–933Link, Google Scholar
• Hirano K., Imbens G. W. Estimating of causal effects using propensity score weighting: An application to data on right heart catheterization. Health Services & Outcomes Res. Methodology (2001) 2(3–4):259–278Crossref, Google Scholar
• Holmstrom B. Agency costs and innovation. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. (1989) 12(3):305–327Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hurst E., Lusardi A. M. Liquidity constraints, household wealth and entrepreneurship. J. Political Econom. (2004) 112(2):319–347Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jovanovic B. Job matching and the theory of turnover. J. Political Econom. (1979) 87(5):972–991Crossref, Google Scholar
• Klepper S., Sleeper S. Entry by spinoffs. Management Sci. (2005) 51(8):1291–1306Link, Google Scholar
• Klepper S., Thompson P., Malerba F., Brusoni S. Spin-off entry in high-tech industries: Motives and consequences. Perspectives on Innovation (2007) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK) 187–218Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lazear E. P. Balanced skills and entrepreneurship. Amer. Econom. Rev. (2004) 94(2):208–211Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lazear E. P. Entrepreneurship. J. Labor Econom. (2005) 23(4):649–680Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mackie-Mason J., Gordon R. How much do taxes discourage incorporation? J. Finance (1997) 52(2):477–505Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nickerson J. A., Zenger T. R. Comparison costs, and the economic theory of the firm. Strategic Management J. (2008) 29(13):1429–1449Crossref, Google Scholar
• Parker S. C. A selection-based theory of the transition from employment to entrepreneurship: The role of employer size. (2006) . Discussion Paper 2071, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, GermanyGoogle Scholar
• Rasmusen E., Zenger T. R. Diseconomies of scale in employment contracts. J. Law, Econom., Organ. (1990) 6(1):65–92Google Scholar
• Ribstein L. E.Unincorporated Business Entities (2004) 3rd ed.(LexisNexis, Newark, NJ) Google Scholar
• Roy A. D. Some thoughts on the distribution of earnings. Oxford Econom. Papers (1951) 3(2):135–146Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shane S.A General Theory of Entrepreneurship (2003) (Edward Elgar Press, Northhampton, MA) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sørensen J. B. Bureaucracy and entrepreneurship: Workplace effects on entrepreneurial entry. Admin. Sci. Quart. (2007) 52(3):387–412Crossref, Google Scholar
• Stuart T., Ding W. W. When do scientists become entrepreneurs? The social structural antecedents of commercial activity in the academic life sciences. Amer. J. Sociol. (2006) 112(1):97–144Crossref, Google Scholar
• Troske K. R. Evidence on the employer size-wage premium from worker-establishment matched data. Rev. Econom. Statist. (1999) 81(1):15–26Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wagner J. Are young and small firms hothouses for nascent entrepreneurs? Evidence from German micro data. Appl. Econom. Quart. (2004) 50(4):379–391Google Scholar
• Willis R. J., Rosen S. Education and self-selection. J. Political Econom. (1979) 87(5):7–39Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wooldridge J. M. Inverse probability weighted estimation for general missing data problems. J. Econom. (2007) 141(2):1281–1301Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zenger T. R. Explaining organizational diseconomies of scale in R&D: Agency problems and the allocation of engineering talent, ideas, and effort by firm size. Management Sci. (1994) 40(6):708–729Link, Google Scholar
• Zucker L. G., Darby M. R., Brewer M. B. Intellectual human capital and the birth of U.S. biotechnology enterprises. Amer. Econom. Rev. (1998) 88(1):290–306Google Scholar