Are Foreign IT Workers Cheaper? U.S. Visa Policies and Compensation of Information Technology Professionals

References

• Acemoglu D. Why do new technologies complement skills? Directed technical change and wage inequality. Quart. J. Econom. (1998) 113(4):1055–1089Crossref, Google Scholar
• Aeppel T. Overseas profits provide shelter for U.S. firms. Wall Street Journal (2007) August 9):A1Google Scholar
• Agarwal R., Ferratt T. W.Coping with Labor Scarcity in Information Technology: Strategies and Practices for Effective Recruitment and Retention (1999) (Pinnaflex, Cincinnati) Google Scholar
• Agtmael A. v.The Emerging Markets Century (2007) (Free Press, New York) Google Scholar
• Ang S., Slaughter S. A., Zmud R. W. The missing context of information technology personnel: A review and future directions for research. Framing the Domains of IT Management: Projecting the Future Through the Past (2000) (Pinnaflex Press, Cincinnati) 305–327Google Scholar
• Ang S., Slaughter S. A., Ng K. Y. Human capital and institutional determinants of information technology compensation: Modeling multilevel and cross-level interactions. Management Sci. (2002) 48(11):1427–1445Link, Google Scholar
• Angrist J. D., Krueger A. B., Ashenfelter O., Card D. Empirical strategies in labor economics. Handbook of Labor Economics (1999) (Elsevier, Amsterdam) 1277–1366Crossref, Google Scholar
• Apte U. M., Mason R. O. Global disaggregation of information-intensive services. Management Sci. (1995) 41(7):1250–1262Link, Google Scholar
• Apte U. M., Karmarkar U. S., Nath H. K. Information services in the U.S. economy: Value, jobs, and management implications. California Management Rev. (2008) 50(3):12–30Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bartol K. M., Aspray W., Cohoon J. M., Aspray W. The transition of women from academic world to the IT workplace: A review of the relevant research. Women and Information Technology (2006) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) 377–419Crossref, Google Scholar
• Becker G. S.Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education (1993) (University of Chicago Press, Chicago) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bhagwati J.In Defense of Globalization (2004) (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK) Google Scholar
• Bharadwaj A. S., Bharadwaj S. G., Konsynski B. R. Information technology effects on firm performance as measured by Tobin's q. Management Sci. (1999) 45(7):1008–1024Link, Google Scholar
• Boh W. F., Ren Y., Kiesler S., Bussjaeger R. Expertise and collaboration in the geographically dispersed organization. Organ. Sci. (2007) 18(4):595–612Link, Google Scholar
• Borjas G. J. Self-selection and the earnings of immigrants. Amer. Econom. Rev. (1987) 77(4):531–553Google Scholar
• Borjas G. J. Economic theory and international migration. Internat. Migration Rev. (1989) 23(3):457–485Crossref, Google Scholar
• Borjas G. J. The economics of lmmigration. J. Econom. Literature (1994) 32(4):1667–1717Google Scholar
• Borjas G. J.Heaven's Door (2001) (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ) Google Scholar
• Borjas G. J. The labor demand curve is downward sloping: Reexamining the impact of immigration on the labor market. Quart. J. Econom. (2003) 118(4):1335–1374Crossref, Google Scholar
• Borjas G. J. The labor-market impact of high-skill immigration. Amer. Econom. Rev. (2005) 95(2):56–60Crossref, Google Scholar
• Borjas G. J., Tienda M. The economic consequences of immigration. Science (1987) 235(4789):645–651Crossref, Google Scholar
• Butcher K. F., Card D. Immigration and wages: Evidence from the 1980s. Amer. Econom. Rev. (1991) 81(2):292–296Google Scholar
• Card D. The impact of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami labor market. Indust. Labor Relations Rev. (1990) 43(2):245–257Crossref, Google Scholar
• Card D. Immigrant inflows, native outflows, and the local labor market impacts of higher immigration. J. Labor Econom. (2001) 19(1):22–64Crossref, Google Scholar
• Carmel E., Agarwal R. The maturation of offshore sourcing of information technology work. MIS Quart. Executive (2002) 1(2):65–77Google Scholar
• Chellaraj G., Maskus K. E., Mattoo A. The contribution of skilled immigration and international graduate students to U.S. innovation. (2005) . Working paper 3588, World Bank Policy Research, World Bank, Washington, DCCrossref, Google Scholar
• Chiswick B. R. The effect of Americanization on the earnings of foreign-born men. J. Political Econom. (1978) 86(5):897–921Crossref, Google Scholar
• Constable P. Worker visas intensify debate on immigration. Washington Post (2007) May 25):A01Google Scholar
• Davis G. B., Ein-Dor P., King W. R., Torkzadeh R. IT offshoring: History, prospects and challenges. J. Assoc. Inform. Systems (2006) 7(11):770–795Google Scholar
• DiRomulado A., Gurbaxani V. Strategic intent for IT outsourcing. Sloan Management Rev. (1998) 39(4):67–80Google Scholar
• Duleep H. O., Regets M. C. Immigrants and human-capital investment. Amer. Econom. Rev. (1999) 89(2):186–191Crossref, Google Scholar
• Economist, The Magic formula: The secrets of entrepreneurial success (A special report on entrepreneurship). (2009) March 14):17–18Google Scholar
• Espinosa J. A., DeLone W., Lee G. Global boundaries, task processes and IS project success: A field study. Inform. Tech. People (2006) 19(4):345–370Crossref, Google Scholar
• Espinosa J. A., Slaughter S. A., Kraut R. E., Herbsleb J. D. Familiarity, complexity, and team performance in geographically distributed software development. Organ. Sci. (2007) 18(4):613–630Link, Google Scholar
• Ferratt T. W., Agarwal R., Brown C. V., Moore J. E. IT human resource management configurations and IT turnover: Theoretical synthesis and empirical analysis. Inform. Systems Res. (2005) 16(3):237–255Link, Google Scholar
• Freeman R. B. People flows in globalization. J. Econom. Perspective (2006) 20(2):145–170Crossref, Google Scholar
• Friedberg R. M. You can't take it with you? Immigrant assimilation and the portability of human capital. J. Labor Econom. (2000) 18:221–251Crossref, Google Scholar
• Friedberg R. M. The impact of mass migration on the Israeli labor market. Quart. J. Econom. (2001) 116:1373–1408Crossref, Google Scholar
• Friedberg R. M., Tambar U. The economic impact of knowledge workers from India and China. Movement of Global Talent: The Impact of High Skill Labor Flows from India and China (2007) (Princeton University, Princeton, NJ) 35–53Google Scholar
• Friedberg R. M., Hunt J. The impact of immigrants on host country wages, employment and growth. J. Econom. Perspectives (1995) 9(2):23–44Crossref, Google Scholar
• Giridhardas A. India's edge goes beyond outsourcing. New York Times (2007) April 4). http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/04/business/worldbusiness/04rupee.htmlGoogle Scholar
• Grover V., Lyytinen K., Srinivasan A., Tan B. C. Y. Contributing to rigorous and forward thinking explanatory theory. J. Assoc. Inform. Systems (2008) 9(2):40–47Google Scholar
• Gupta A. K., Wang H.Getting China and India Right: Strategies for Leveraging the World's Fastest-Growing Economies for Global Advantage (2009) (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco) Google Scholar
• Gurcak J. C., Espenshade T. J., Sparrow A., Paskoff M., Cornelius W. A., Espenshade T. J., Salehyan I. Immigration of scientists and engineers to the United States: Issues and evidence. The International Migration of the Highly Skilled (2001) (Center for the comparative immigration studies, University of California, San Diego) Google Scholar
• Han K., Kauffman R. J., Nault B. R. Returns to information technology outsourcing. Inform. Systems Res. (2010) . ForthcomingGoogle Scholar
• Hari P. Protectionist attitudes. Businessworld (2009) March 9):52–53Google Scholar
• Harter D. E., Slaughter S. A. Quality improvement and infrastructure activity costs in software development: A longitudinal analysis. Management Sci. (2003) 49(6):784–800Link, Google Scholar
• Herbst M. Are H1-B workers getting bilked? Bus. Week (2008) February 11):57–59Google Scholar
• Hira R. U.S. immigration regulations and India's information technology industry. Tech. Forecasting Soc. Change (2004) 71:837–854Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hirschheim R., Loebbecke C., Newman M., Valor J. Offshoring and its implications for the information systems discipline: Where perception meets reality. Comm. Assoc. Inform. Systems (2007) 20, Article 51):1–22Google Scholar
• Hunt J. The impact of the 1962 repatriates from Algeria on the French labor market. Indust. Labor Relations Rev. (1992) 45:556–572Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hunt J., Gauthier-Loiselle. How much does immigration boost innovation? (2009) . Working paper, McGill University, VancouverGoogle Scholar
• Ipsen E. Expatriates: Off the gravy train. New York Times (1994) June 8). http://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/08/business/worldbusiness/08iht-expats.html?pagewanted=1Google Scholar
• Ives B., Jarvenpaa S. L. Applications of global information technology: Key issues for management. MIS Quart. (1991) 15(1):33–49Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jarvenpaa S. L., Ives B. Organizing for global competition: The fit of information technology. Decision Sci. (1993) 24(3):547–580Crossref, Google Scholar
• Josefek R. A. J., Kauffman R. J. Nearing the threshold: An economics approach to pressure on information systems professionals to separate from their employer. J. Management Inform. Systems (2003) 20(1):87–122Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kerr W. R., Lincoln W. F. The supply side of innovation: H-1B visa reforms and US ethnic invention. J. Labor Econom. (2010) . ForthcomingCrossref, Google Scholar
• King W. R., Torkzadeh G. Information systems offshoring: Research status and issues. MIS Quart. (2008) 32(2):205–225Crossref, Google Scholar
• Krishna S., Sahay S., Walsham G. Managing cross-cultural issues in global software outsourcing. Comm. ACM (2004) 47(4):62–66Crossref, Google Scholar
• Krueger A. B. How computers have changed the wage structure: Evidence from microdata, 1984–1989. Quart. J. Econom. (1993) 108(1):33–60Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lacity M. C., Feeny D. F., Willcocks L. P. Transforming a back-office function: Lessons from BAE systems' experience with an enterprise partnership. MIS Quart. Executive (2003) 2(2):86–103Google Scholar
• Lacity M. C., Iyer V. V., Rudramuniyaiah P. S. Turnover intentions of Indian IS professionals. Inform. Systems Frontiers (2008) 10:225–241Crossref, Google Scholar
• LaLonde R. J., Topel R., Abowd J., Freeman R. Labor market adjustments to increased immigration. Immigration, Trade and the Labor Market (1991) (University of Chicago Press, Chicago) 167–200Google Scholar
• Levina N., Kane A. A. Onshore immigrant managers as boundary spanners on offshored software development projects: Partners or bosses? (2009) . Working paper, Stern School of Business, New York University, New YorkGoogle Scholar
• Levina N., Xin M. Comparing IT workers' compensation across country contexts: Demographic, human capital, and institutional factors. Inform. System Res. (2007) 18(2):193–210Link, Google Scholar
• Lewin A. Y., Massini S., Peeters C. Why are companies offshoring innovation? The emerging global race for talent. J. Internat. Bus. Stud. (2009) 40:901–925Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lowell B. L., Cornelius W. A., Espenshade T. J., Salehyan I. The foreign temporary workforce and shortages in information technology. The International Migration of the Highly Skilled: Demand, Supply, and Development Consequences in Sending and Receiving Countries (2001) (Center for the comparative immigration studies, University of California, San Diego) Google Scholar
• Lowell L., Tambar U. Federal immigration policies and the movement of Chinese and Indian knowledge workers to and from the United States. Movement of Global Talent: The Impact of High Skill Labor Flows from India and China (2007) (Princeton University, Princeton, NJ) 89–105Google Scholar
• Matloff N. On the need for reform of the H-1B non-immigrant work visa in computer-related occupations. Univ. Michigan J. Law Reform (2003) 36(4):815–914Google Scholar
• Matloff N. Globalization and the American IT worker. Comm. ACM (2004) 47(11):27–29Crossref, Google Scholar
• McGee M. K. No escaping H-1B. InformationWeek (2006) 40–48(June 12)Google Scholar
• Miano J.The Bottom of the Pay Scale: Wages for H-1B Computer Programmers (2006) (Center for Immigration Studies, Washington, DC) 1–11Google Scholar
• Mithas S. Are emerging markets different from developed markets? Human capital sorting and segmentation in compensation of information technology professionals. Proc. 29th Internat. Conf. on Inform. Systems (2008) (Association for Information Systems, Paris) Google Scholar
• Mithas S., Krishnan M. S. Human capital and institutional effects in the compensation of information technology professionals in the United States. Management Sci. (2008) 54(3):415–428Link, Google Scholar
• Mithas S., Krishnan M. S. From association to causation via a potential outcomes approach. Informat. Systems Res. (2009) 20(2):295–313Link, Google Scholar
• Mithas S., Whitaker J. Is the world flat or spiky? Information intensity, skills and global service disaggregation. Inform. Systems Res. (2007) 18(3):237–259Link, Google Scholar
• Mithas S., Whitaker J. W. Information technology and globalization: Theory and evidence. Proc. 14th Annual INFORMS Conf. Inform. Systems Tech. (2009) (Information Systems Society, San Diego) Google Scholar
• Mithas S., Almirall D., Krishnan M. S. Do CRM systems cause one-to-one marketing effectiveness? Statist. Sci. (2006) 21(2):223–233Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mittal N., Nault B. R. Investments in information technology: Indirect effects and information technology intensity. Inform. Systems Res. (2009) 20(1):140–154Link, Google Scholar
• National Research CouncilBuilding a Workforce for the Information Economy (2001) (National Academy Press, Washington, DC) Google Scholar
• National Foundation for American Policy (NFAP) Driving jobs and innovation offshore: The impact of high-skill immigration restrictions on America. (2007) (National Foundation for American Policy, Washington, DC) 1–37Google Scholar
• National Foundation for American Policy (NFAP) H-1B visas and job creation. (2008) (National Foundation for American Policy, Washington, DC) 1–19Google Scholar
• Oettl A., Agrawal A. International labor mobility and knowledge flow externalities. J. Internat. Bus. Stud. (2008) 39:1242–1260Crossref, Google Scholar
• Orrenius P. M., Zavodny M. Does immigration affect wages? A look at occupation-level evidence. Labour Econom. (2007) 14:757–773Crossref, Google Scholar
• Oshri I., Kotlarsky J., Willcocks L. Managing dispersed expertise in IT offshore outsourcing: Lessons from tata consultancy services. MIS Quart. Executive (2007) 6(2):53–65Google Scholar
• Park E. J. W., Tambar U. Unworthy of a nation built by immigrants: The political mobilization of H-1B workers. Movement of Global Talent: The Impact of High Skill Labor Flows from India and China (2007) (Princeton University, Princeton, NJ) 75–88Google Scholar
• Rai A., Patnayakuni R., Patnayakuni N. Technology investment and business performance. Comm. ACM (1997) 40(7):89–97Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ramasubbu N., Mithas S., Krishnan M. S. High tech, high touch: The effect of employee skills and customer heterogeneity on customer satisfaction with enterprise system support services. Decision Support Systems (2008a) 44(2):509–523Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ramasubbu N., Mithas S., Krishnan M. S., Kemerer C. F. Work dispersion, process-based learning and offshore software development performance. MIS Quart. (2008b) 32(2):437–458Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rodrik D.Has Globalization Gone Too Far? (1997) (Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Roman D. Analysis: H-1B pay drags down all salaries. EE Times (2006) June 19). http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=189500671Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum P. R., Rubin D. B. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika (1983) 70(1):41–55Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rottman J. W., Lacity M. C. Twenty practices for offshore sourcing. MIS Quart. Executive (2004) 3(3):117–130Google Scholar
• Santhanam R., Hartono E. Issues in linking information technology capability to firm performance. MIS Quart. (2003) 27(1):125–153Crossref, Google Scholar
• Saxenian A. Brain circulation: How high-skill immigration makes everyone better off? Brookings Rev. (2002) 20(1):28–31Crossref, Google Scholar
• Schultz T. W. Investments in human capital. Amer. Econom. Rev. (1961) 51(1):1–17Google Scholar
• Singh S. U.S. visas are not a TCS-specific issue. Businessworld (2003) India) (June):1Google Scholar
• Slaughter S. A., Ang S., Boh W. F. Firm-specific human capital and compensation-organizational tenure profiles: An archival analysis of salary data for IT professionals. Human Resource Management (2007) 46(3):373–394Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tambe P. B., Hitt L. M. H-1B Visas, offshoring, and the labor market outcomes of US information technology workers. (2008) . Working paper, Stern School of Business, New York University, New YorkGoogle Scholar
• Thibodeau P. Gates: U.S. puts tech jobs at risk by capping foreign workers. Computerworld (2008) March 12). http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9068126Google Scholar
• Thibodeau P. Microsoft to hire H-1B workers, even as it lays off some visa holders. Computerworld (2009) March 4). http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9128962/Microsoft_to_hire_H_ 1B_workers_even_as_it_lays_off_some_visa_holdersGoogle Scholar
• Truman G. E., Baroudi J. J. Gender differences in the information systems managerial ranks: An assessment of potential discriminatory practices. MIS Quart. (1994) 18(2):129–142Crossref, Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Commerce America's new deficit: The shortage of information technology workers. (1997) . Accessed March 8, 2010, http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/14/ff/a4.pdfGoogle Scholar
• U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) I am an employer: How do I hire a foreign national for short-term employment in the United States? Guide for employers M-582 (01/07). (2007) (U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, Washington, DC) Google Scholar
• Wadhwa V. America's immigrant brain drain. Bus. Week (2009) March 16):068Google Scholar
• Whoriskey P. Skilled-worker visa demand expected to far exceed supply. Washington Post (2008) April 1):D3Google Scholar
• Zavodny M. The H-1B program and its effects on information technology workers. Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Econom. Rev. (2003) Third Quarter):1–11Google Scholar