Lens or Prism? Patent Citations as a Measure of Knowledge Flows from Public Research
Published Online:9 Nov 2012https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1120.1644
References
- . Putting patents in context: Exploring knowledge transfer from MIT. Management Sci. (2002) 48(1):44–60Link, Google Scholar
- . Patent citations as a measure of knowledge flows: The influence of examiner citations. Rev. Econom. Statist. (2006) 88(4):774–779Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Applicant and examiner citations in U.S. patents: An overview and analysis. Res. Policy (2009) 38(2):415–427Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Managing the Flow of Technology: Technology Transfer and the Dissemination of Technological Information Within the R&D Organization (1977) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
- . Empirical evidence on the validity of litigated patents. AIPLA Quart. J. (1998) 26(3):185–275Google Scholar
- . Localization of knowledge and the mobility of engineers in regional networks. Management Sci. (1999) 45(7):905–917Link, Google Scholar
- . R&D and the patent premium. Internat. J. Indust. Organ. (2008) 26(5):1153–1179Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Heckman JJ, Leamer EE. Measurement error in survey data. Handbook of Econometrics (2001) (Elsevier, Amsterdam) 3705–3843Google Scholar
- . Is academic science driving a surge in industrial innovation? Evidence from patent citations. (2005) . NBER Working Paper 11561, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MAGoogle Scholar
- . Measurement Error in Nonlinear Models (2006) Second ed.(Chapman & Hall, London) Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Absorptive capacity, coauthoring behavior, and the organization of research in drug discovery. J. Indust. Econom. (1998) 46(2):157–182Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Protecting their intellectual assets: Appropriability conditions and why U.S. manufacturing firms patent (or not). (2000) . NBER Working Paper 7552, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MACrossref, Google Scholar
- . Links and impacts: The influence of public research on industrial R&D. Management Sci. (2002) 48(1):1–23Link, Google Scholar
- , Noll RG. Industry and the academy: Uneasy partners in the cause of technological advance. Challenges to Research Universities (1998) (Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC) 171–199Google Scholar
- . How well do patent citations measure flows of technology? Evidence from French innovation surveys. Econom. Innovation New Tech. (2005) 14(5):375–393Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Science as a map in technological search. Strategic Management J. (2004) 25(8–9):909–928Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Some economics of trade secret law. J. Econom. Perspect. (1991) 5(1):61–72Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Does good science lead to valuable knowledge? Biotechnology firms and the evolutionary logit of citation patterns. Management Sci. (2003) 49(4):366–382Link, Google Scholar
- . Patent statistics as economic indicators: A survey. J. Econom. Literature (1990) 28(4):1661–1707Google Scholar
- . The NBER patent citations data file: Lessons, insights, and methodological tools. (2001) . NBER Working Paper 8498, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MACrossref, Google Scholar
- . Citation frequency and the value of patented inventions. Rev. Econom. Statist. (1999) 81(3):511–515Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Universities as a source of commercial technology: A detailed analysis of university patenting, 1965–1988. Rev. Econom. Statist. (1998) 80(1):119–127Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Published papers, tacit competencies and corporate management of the public/private character of knowledge. Indust. Corporate Change (1995) 4(2):401–424Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Patents as information-transfer mechanisms—to patent or (maybe) not to patent. J. Political Econom. (1985) 93(5):837–858Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Evidence from patents and patent citations on the impact of NASA and other federal labs on commercial innovation. J. Indust. Econom. (1998) 46(2):183–205Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Jaffe AB, Trajtenberg M. The meaning of patent citations: Report on the NBER/Case-Western Reserve study of patentees. Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy (2002) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) 379–401Google Scholar
- . Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations. Quart. J. Econom. (1993) 108(3):577–598Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Strategic citation. Rev. Econom. Statist. (2012) 94(1):320–333Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Examiner characteristics and patent office outcomes. Rev. Econom. Statist. (2012) 94(3):817–827Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Do firms learn from international trade? Rev. Econom. Statist. (2006) 88(1):46-60Google Scholar
- . Priorities in scientific discovery: A chapter in the sociology of science. Amer. Sociol. Rev. (1957) 22(6):635–659Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Academic patent quality and quantity before and after the Bayh-Dole Act in the United States. Res. Policy (2002) 31(3):399–418Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Learning to patent: Institutional experience, learning, and the characteristics of U.S. university patents after the Bayh-Dole Act, 1981–1992. Management Sci. (2002) 48(1):73–89Link, Google Scholar
- . The increasing linkage between U.S. technology and public science. Res. Policy (1997) 26(3):317–330Crossref, Google Scholar
- National Science BoardScience and Engineering Indicators 2012 (2012) (National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA) Google Scholar
- . What makes basic research economically useful. Res. Policy (1991) 20(2):109–119Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Determinants of knowledge flows and their effect on innovation. Rev. Econom. Statist. (2005) 87(2):308–322Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Clark KB, Hayes RH, Lorenz C. The commercial exploitation of science by American industry. The Uneasy Alliance: Managing the Productivity-Technology Dilemma (1985) (Harvard Business School Press, Boston) 19–51Google Scholar
- . Why do firms do basic research (with their own money)? Res. Policy (1990) 19(2):165–174Crossref, Google Scholar
- . American universities and technological advance in industry. Res. Policy (1994) 23(3):323–348Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Overcoming local search through alliances and mobility. Management Sci. (2003) 49(6):751–766Link, Google Scholar
- . Beyond local search: Boundary-spanning, exploration, and impact in the optical disk industry. Strategic Management J. (2001) 22(4):287–306Crossref, Google Scholar
- . The propensity to patent. Internat. J. Indust. Organ. (1983) 1(1):107–128Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Collaborative networks as determinants of knowledge diffusion patterns. Management Sci. (2005) 51(5):756–770Link, Google Scholar
- . Recruiting for ideas: How firms exploit the prior inventions of new hires. Management Sci. (2011) 57(1):129–150Link, Google Scholar
- . Science and the diffusion of knowledge. Res. Policy (2004) 33(10):1615–1634Crossref, Google Scholar
- . U.S. faculty patenting: Inside and outside the unviersity. Res. Policy (2009) 38(1):14–25Crossref, Google Scholar
- . Who is selling the ivory tower? Sources of growth in university licensing. Management Sci. (2002) 48(1):90–104Link, Google Scholar
- . The Sources of Innovation (1988) (Oxford University Press, New York) Google Scholar
- . Intellectual human capital and the birth of U.S. biotechnology enterprises. Amer. Econom. Rev. (1998) 88(1):290–306Google Scholar

