Fostering Public Good Contributions with Symbolic Awards: A Large-Scale Natural Field Experiment at Wikipedia

References

• Adler BT, de Alfaro L, Pye I, Raman V (2008) Measuring author contributions to the Wikipedia. Proc. 4th Internat. Sympos. Wikis (ACM, New York), 1–15.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Allcott H, Rogers T (2014) The short-run and long-run effects of behavioral interventions: Experimental evidence from energy conservation. Amer. Econom. Rev. 104(10):3003–3037.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Andreoni J, Petrie R (2004) Public goods experiments without confidentiality: A glimpse into fund-raising. J. Public Econom. 88:1605–1623.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ariely D, Bracha A, Meier S (2009) Doing good or doing well? Image motivation and monetary incentives in behaving prosocially. Amer. Econom. Rev. 99(1):544–555.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ashraf N, Bandiera O, Lee SS (2014) Awards unbundled: Evidence from a natural field experiment. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 100(April):44–63.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bénabou R, Tirole J (2003) Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Rev. Econom. Stud. 70(3):489–520.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bénabou R, Tirole J (2011) Identity, morals, and taboos: Beliefs as assets. Quart. J. Econom. 126(2):805–855.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Benkler Y (2002) Coase’s penguin, or, linux and “The nature of the firm.” Yale Law J. 112(3):369–446.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Besley T (2005) Notes on honours. Mimeo, London School of Economics, London.Google Scholar
• Blanes i Vidal J, Nossol M (2011) Tournaments without prizes: Evidence from personnel records. Management Sci. 57(10):1721–1736.Link, Google Scholar
• Bradler C, Dur R, Neckermann S, Non A (2016) Employee recognition and performance: A field experiment. Management Sci. 62(11):3085–3099.Link, Google Scholar
• Butler D (2008) Publish in Wikipedia or perish. Nature News (16 Dec.), doi:10.1038/news.2008.1312.Google Scholar
• Butler B, Sproull L, Kiesler S, Kraut R (2007) Community effort in online groups: Who does the work and why? Weisband S, ed. Leadership at a Distance (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ), 171–194.Google Scholar
• Chan HF, Frey BS, Gallus J, Torgler B (2014) Academic honors and performance. Labour Econom. 31(December):188–204.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Charness G, Masclet D, Villeval MC (2014) The dark side of competition for status. Management Sci. 60(1):38–55.Link, Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Harper M, Konstan J, Li SX (2010) Social comparisons and contributions to online communities: A field experiment on MovieLens. Amer. Econom. Rev. 100(4):1358–1398.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Choi B, Alexander K, Kraut RE, Levine JM (2010) Socialization tactics in Wikipedia and their effects. Proc. ACM Conf. Comput. Supported Cooperative Work (ACM, New York), 107–116.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cohen J (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed. (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ).Google Scholar
• Economist, The (2008) The battle for Wikipedia’s soul. (March 6), http://www.economist.com/node/10789354.Google Scholar
• Falk A, Kosfeld M (2006) The hidden costs of control. Amer. Econom. Rev. 96(5):1611–1630.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ferraro PJ, Price MK (2013) Using nonpecuniary strategies to influence behavior: Evidence from a large-scale field experiment. Rev. Econom. Statist. 95(1):64–73.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ferraro PJ, Miranda JJ, Price MK (2011) The persistence of treatment effects with norm-based policy instruments: Evidence from a randomized environmental policy experiment. Amer. Econom. Rev. 101(3):318–322.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Frey BS (2005) Knight fever: Towards an economics of awards. CESifo Working Paper 1468, CESifo, Munich, Germany.Google Scholar
• Frey BS (2007) Awards as compensation. Eur. Management Rev. 4(1):6–14.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Frey BS, Gallus J (2016) Towards an economics of awards. J. Econom. Surv. 31(1):190–200.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Frey BS, Goette L (1999) Does pay motivate volunteers? IEW Working Paper 7, University of Zurich, Zurich.Google Scholar
• Gaechter S (2014) Human pro-social motivation and the maintenance of social order. Zamir E, Teichman D, eds. Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Economics and the Law (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK), 28–60.Google Scholar
• Gallus J, Frey BS (2016) Awards: A strategic management perspective. Strategic Management J. 37(8):1699–1714.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gallus J, Frey BS (2017) Awards as strategic signals. J. Management Inquiry. 26(1):76–85.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ginsburgh V (2003) Awards, success and aesthetic quality in the arts. J. Econom. Perspect. 17(2):99–111.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gneezy U, List JA (2006) Putting behavioral economics to work: Testing for gift exchange in labor markets using field experiments. Econometrica 74(5):1365–1384.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gneezy U, Rustichini A (2000) Pay enough or don’t pay at all. Quart. J. Econom. 115(3):791–810.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gneezy U, Meier S, Rey-Biel P (2011) When and why incentives (don’t) work to modify behavior. J. Econom. Perspect. 25(4):191–209.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Goette L, Huffman D, Meier S (2006) The impact of group membership on cooperation and norm enforcement: Evidence using random assignment to real social groups. Amer. Econom. Rev. 96(2):212–216.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Greenstein S, Zhu F (2012) Is Wikipedia biased? Amer. Econom. Rev. 102(3):343–348.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Halfaker A, Kittur A, Riedl J (2011) Don’t bite the newbies: How reverts affect the quantity and quality of Wikipedia work. Proc. 7th Internat. Sympos. Wikis and Open Collaboration (ACM, New York), 163–172.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Halfaker A, Geiger RS, Morgan JT, Riedl J (2013) The rise and decline of an open collaboration system: How Wikipedia’s reaction to popularity is causing its decline. Amer. Behav. Scientist 57(5):664–688.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Harkins SG, Jackson JM (1985) The role of evaluation in eliminating social loafing. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 11(4):457–465.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Harrison GW, List JA (2004) Field experiments. J. Econom. Literature 42(4):1009–1055.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Heyman J, Ariely D (2004) Effort for payment: A tale of two markets. Psych. Sci. 15(11):787–793.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Huberman BA, Loch C, Önçüler A (2004) Status as a valued resource. Soc. Psych. Quart. 67(1):103–114.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Karau SJ, Williams KD (1993) Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 65(4):681–706.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Karau SJ, Williams KD (2001) Understanding individual motivation in groups: The collective effort model. Turner ME, ed. Groups at Work (Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ), 113–141.Google Scholar
• Karlan D, McConnell MA (2014) Hey look at me: The effect of giving circles on giving. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 106(October):402–412.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kittur A, Pendleton B, Kraut RE (2009) Herding the cats: The influence of groups in coordinating peer production. Proc. 5th Internat. Sympos. Wikis and Open Collaboration (ACM, New York), 1–9.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kosfeld M, Neckermann S (2011) Getting more work for nothing? Symbolic awards and worker performance. Amer. Econom. J.: Microeconom. 3(3):86–99.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kraft-Todd G, Yoeli E, Bhanot S, Rand D (2015) Promoting cooperation in the field. Current Opinion Behav. Sci. 3(June):96–101.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kraut RE, Resnick P (2011) Encouraging contribution to online communities. Kraut RE, Resnick P, eds. Building Successful Online Communities (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA), 21–76.Google Scholar
• Kraut RE, Kittur A, Zhu H, He J, Zhang A (2012) Effects of feedback on participation in Wikipedia. Accessed May 17, 2013, http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Effects_of_Feedback_on_Participation_in_Wikipedia.Google Scholar
• Kuhnen CM, Tymula A (2012) Feedback, self-esteem, and performance in organizations. Management Sci. 58(1):94–113.Link, Google Scholar
• Lacetera N, Macis M (2010) Social image concerns and prosocial behavior: Field evidence from a nonlinear incentive scheme. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 76(2):225–237.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lakhani KR, von Hippel E (2003) How open source software works: “Free” user-to-user assistance. Res. Pol. 32(6):923–943.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Landry CE, Lange A, List JA, Price MK, Rupp NG (2010) Is a donor in hand better than two in the bush? Evidence from a natural field experiment. Amer. Econom. Rev. 100(3):958–983.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Latané B, Williams K, Harkins S (1979) Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 37(6):822–832.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lerner J, Tirole J (2002) Some simple economics of open source. J. Indust. Econom. 50(2):197–234.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lindenberg S (2013) Social rationality, self-regulation, and well-being: The regulatory significance of needs, goals, and the self. Wittek R, Snijders TAB, Nee V, eds. Handbook of Rational Choice Social Research (Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA), 72–112.Google Scholar
• List JA, Rasul I (2010) Field experiments in labor economics. Ashenfelter OC, Card DE, eds. Handbook of Labor Economics (Elsevier, Amsterdam), 103–228.Crossref, Google Scholar
• List JA, Shaikh AM, Xu Y (2016) Multiple hypothesis testing in experimental economics. NBER Working Paper 21875, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Macduff N (2005) Societal changes and the rise of the episodic volunteer. Brudney JL, ed. Emerging Areas of Volunteering (ARNOVA, Indianapolis, IN), 49–62.Google Scholar
• Malmendier U, Tate G (2009) Superstar CEOs. Quart. J. Econom. 124(4):1593–1638.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Maniadis Z, Tufano F, List JA (2014) One swallow doesn’t make a summer: New evidence on anchoring effects. Amer. Econom. Rev. 104(1):277–290.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Meier S (2007) Do subsidies increase charitable giving in the long run? Matching donations in a field experiment. J. Eur. Econom. Assoc. 5(6):1203–1222.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Morgan JT, Bouterse S, Stierch S, Walls H (2013) Tea and sympathy: Crafting positive new user experiences on Wikipedia. Proc. 2013 Conf. Comput. Supported Cooperative Work (ACM, New York), 839–848.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Neckermann S, Cueni R, Frey BS (2014) Awards at work. Labour Econom. 31(December):205–217.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Olson M (1965) The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Panciera K, Halfaker A, Terveen L (2009) Wikipedians are born, not made: A study of power editors on Wikipedia. Proc. ACM Conf. Supporting Group Work (ACM, New York), 51–60.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pinchuk M (2011) The rise of warnings to new editors on English Wikipedia. Wikimedia Blog (May 2), http://blog.wikimedia.org/2011/05/02/neweditorwarnings/.Google Scholar
• Rablen MD, Oswald AJ (2008) Mortality and immortality: The Nobel Prize as an experiment into the effect of status upon longevity. J. Health Econom. 27(6):1462–1471.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rashid AM, Ling K, Tassone RD, Resnick P, Kraut R, Riedl J (2006) Motivating participation by displaying the value of contribution. SIGCHI Conf. Human Factors Comput. Systems (ACM, New York), 955–958.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rege M, Telle K (2004) The impact of social approval and framing on cooperation in public good situations. J. Public Econom. 88(7–8):1625–1644.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ren Y, Kraut R, Kiesler S, Resnick P (2011) Encouraging commitment in online communities. Kraut RE, Resnick P, eds. Building Successful Online Communities (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA), 77–124.Google Scholar
• Restivo M, van de Rijt A (2012) Experimental study of informal rewards in peer production. PloS ONE 7(3):e34358.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Restivo M, van de Rijt A (2014) No praise without effort: Experimental evidence on how rewards affect Wikipedia’s contributor community. Inform. Comm. Soc. 17(4):451–462.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Samek AS, Sheremeta RM (2014) Recognizing contributors: An experiment on public goods. Experiment. Econom. 17(4):673–690.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shang J, Croson R (2009) A field experiment in charitable contribution: The impact of social information on the voluntary provision of public goods. Econom. J. 119(540):1422–1439.Google Scholar
• Soetevent AR (2005) Anonymity in giving in a natural context: A field experiment in 30 churches. J. Public Econom. 89(1–12):2301–2323.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Suh B, Convertino G, Chi EH, Pirolli P (2009) The singularity is not near: Slowing growth of Wikipedia. Proc. 5th Internat. Sympos. Wikis and Open Collaboration (ACM, New York), 1–10.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Thaler RH, Sunstein CR (2008) Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness (Yale University Press, New Haven, CT).Google Scholar
• Tran A, Zeckhauser R (2012) Rank as an inherent incentive: Evidence from a field experiment. J. Public Econom. 96(9–10):645–650.Crossref, Google Scholar
• van de Rijt A, Kang SM, Restivo M, Patil A (2014) Field experiments of success-breeds-success dynamics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111(19):6934–6939.Crossref, Google Scholar
• von Krogh G, von Hippel E (2006) The promise of research on open source software. Management Sci. 52(7):975–983.Link, Google Scholar
• Walling S, Taraborelli D (2012) Is this thing on? Giving new Wikipedians feedback post-edit. Wikimedia Blog (September 24), https://blog.wikimedia.org/2012/09/24/giving-new-wikipedians-feedback-post-edit/.Google Scholar
• Wikimedia (2011a) Editor trends study/results. Wikimedia Strategic Planning. Accessed May 17, 2013, http://strategy.wikimedia.org/wiki/Editor_Trends_Study/Results.Google Scholar
• Wikimedia (2011b) Semi-annual survey of Wikipedia editors. Wikimedia Foundation (April), http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/WP_2011_Editor’s_Survey_-_Topline.pdf.Google Scholar
• Zeitoun H, Osterloh M, Frey BS (2014) Learning from ancient Athens: Demarchy and corporate governance. Acad. Management Perspect. 28(1):1–14.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Zhu F (2011) Group size and incentives to contribute: A natural experiment at Chinese Wikipedia. Amer. Econom. Rev. 101(4):1601–1615.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zhu H, Kraut RE, Kittur A (2012) Organizing without formal organization: Group identification, goal setting and social modeling in directing online production. Proc. ACM Conf. Comput. Supported Cooperative Work (ACM, New York), 935–944.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zhu H, Zhang A, He J, Kraut RE, Kittur A (2013) Effects of peer feedback on contribution: A field experiment in Wikipedia. Proc. SIGCHI Conf. Human Factors in Comput. Systems (ACM, New York), 2253–2262.Crossref, Google Scholar