If You’re Going to Do Wrong, At Least Do It Right: Considering Two Moral Dilemmas at the Same Time Promotes Moral Consistency

References

• Anderson CJ (2003) The psychology of doing nothing: Forms of decision avoidance result from reason and emotion. Psych. Bull. 129(1):139–167.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Barak-Corren N, Bazerman MH (2016) Moral conflict and inaction. Organ. Dynam. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
• Baron J, Spranca M (1997) Protected values. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 70(1):1–16.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Baron J, Gürçay B, Moore A, Starcke K (2012) Use of a Rasch model to predict response times to utilitarian moral dilemmas. Synthese 189(1):107–117.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bartels DM (2008) Principled moral sentiment and the flexibility of moral judgment and decision making. Cognition 108(2):381–417.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bauman CW, McGraw AP, Bartels DM, Warren C (2014) Revisiting external validity: Concerns about trolley problems and other sacrificial dilemmas in moral psychology. Soc. Personality Psych. Compass 8(9):536–554.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bazerman M, Loewenstein G, White S (1992) Reversals of preference in allocation decisions: Judging an alternative versus choosing among alternatives. Admin. Sci. Quart. 37(2):220–240.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bazerman M, Tenbrunsel A, Wade-Benzoni K (1998) Negotiating with yourself and losing: Understanding and managing conflicting internal preferences. Acad. Management Rev. 23(2):225–241.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bazerman M, Schroth H, Shah P, Diekmann K, Tenbrunsel A (1994) The inconsistent role of comparison others and procedural justice to hypothetical job descriptions: Implications for job acceptance decisions. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 60(3):326–352.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bentham J (1789) An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bohnet I, van Geen A, Bazerman MH (2016) When performance trumps gender bias: Joint vs. separate evaluation. Management Sci. 62(5):1225–1234.Link, Google Scholar
• Bonnefon J-F, Shariff A, Rahwan I (2016) The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles. Science 352(6293):1573–1576.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brehm JW (1956) Postdecision changes in the desirability of alternatives. J. Abnormal Psych. 52(3):384–389.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cushman FA (2013) Action, outcome, and value: A dual-system framework for morality. Personality Soc. Psych. Rev. 17(3): 273–292.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cushman F, Greene JD (2012) Finding faults: How moral dilemmas illuminate cognitive structure. Soc. Neurosci. 7(3):269–279.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cushman F, Young L, Greene JD (2010) Multi-system moral psychology. Doris JM, The Moral Psychology Research Group, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Moral Psychology (Oxford University Press, New York), 47–71.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cushman F, Young L, Hauser M (2006) The role of conscious reasoning and intuition in moral judgment: Testing three principles of harm. Psych. Sci. 17(12):1082–1089.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Efron B (1979) Bootstrap methods: Another look at the jackknife. Ann. Statist. 7(1):1–26.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Festinger L (1957) A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fischer J, Ravizza M (1992) Ethics: Problems and Principles (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York).Google Scholar
• Foot P (1967) The problem of abortion and the doctrine of double effect. Oxford Rev. 5:5–15.Google Scholar
• Graham J, Haidt J, Nosek B (2009) Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 96(5):1029–1046.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Greene JD (2008) The secret joke of Kant’s soul. Sinnott-Armstrong W, ed. Moral Psychology, Vol. 3 (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA), 35–80.Google Scholar
• Greene JD, Nystrom LE, Engell AD, Darley JM, Cohen JD (2004) The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment. Neuron 44(2):389–400.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Greene JD, Sommerville R, Nystrom LE, Darley JM, Cohen JD (2001) An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science 293(5537):2105–2108.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Haidt J (2001) The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psych. Rev. 108(4):814–834.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hauser M, Cushman F, Young L, Kang-Xing Jin R, Mikhail J (2007) A dissociation between moral judgments and justifications. Mind & Language 22(1):1–21.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hsee C (1996) The evaluability hypothesis: An explanation for preference reversals between joint and separate evaluations of alternatives. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 67(3):247–257.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hsee C, Loewenstein G, Blount S, Bazerman M (1999) Preference reversals between joint and separate evaluation of options: A review and theoretical analysis. Psych. Bull. 125(5):576–590.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Irwin JR, Slovic P, Lichtenstein S, McClelland GH (1993) Preference reversals and the measurement of environmental values. J. Risk Uncertainty 6(1):5–18.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kahneman D, Ritov I (1994) Determinants of stated willingness to pay for public goods: A study in the headline method. J. Risk Uncertainty 9(1):5–37.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kelman M, Kreps T (2014) Playing with trolleys: Intuitions about the permissibility of aggregation. J. Empirical Legal Stud. 11(2):197–226.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Koenigs M, Young L, Adolphs R, Tranel D, Cushman F, Hauser M, Damasio A (2007) Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgements. Nature Materials 446(7138):908–911.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lombrozo T (2009) The role of moral commitments in moral judgment. Cognitive Sci. 33(2):273–286.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Luce M (1998) Choosing to avoid: Coping with negatively emotion-laden consumer decisions. J. Consumer Res. 24(4):409–433.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mill JS (1863) Utilitarianism (Parker, Son, and Bourne, West Strand, London).Google Scholar
• Paharia N, Kassam K, Greene J, Bazerman M (2009) Dirty work, clean hands: The moral psychology of indirect agency. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 109(2):134–141.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Paxton J, Greene J (2010) Moral reasoning: Hints and allegations. Topics Cognitive Sci. 2(3):511–527.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Paxton J, Ungar L, Greene J (2011) Reflection and reasoning in moral judgment. Cognitive Sci. 36(1):163–177.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Petrinovich L, O’Neill P (1996) Influence of wording and framing effects on moral intuitions. Ethology Sociobiol. 17(3):145–71.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pizarro D, Bloom P (2003) The intelligence of the moral intuitions: Comment on Haidt. (2001) Psych. Rev. 110(1):193–198.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ritov I, Baron J (1999) Protected values and omission bias. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 79(2):79–94.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ritov I, Baron J (2011) Joint presentation reduces the effect of emotion on evaluation of public actions. Cognition Emotion 25(4):657–675.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Royzman EB, Baron J (2002) The preference for indirect harm. Soc. Justice Res. 15(2):165–184.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Schwitzgebel E, Cushman F (2012) Expertise in moral reasoning? Order effects on moral judgment in professional philosophers and non-philosophers. Mind Language 27:(2):135–153.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shafir E (1994) Uncertainty and the difficulty of thinking through disjunctions. Cognition 50(1–3):403–430.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shallow C, Rumen I, Medin D (2011) Trolley problems in context. Judgment Decision Making 6(7):593–601.Google Scholar
• Shultz T, Léveillé E, Lepper M (1999) Free choice and cognitive dissonance revisited: Choosing “lesser evils” versus “greater goods.” Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 25(1):40–48.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Simonson I, Tversky A (1992) Choice in context: Tradeoff contrast and extremeness aversion. J. Marketing Res. 29(3):281–295.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tenbrunsel A, Wade-Benzoni K, Messick D, Bazerman M (2000) Understanding the influence of environmental standards on judgments and choices. Acad. Management J. 43(5):854–866.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Thomson J (1985) The trolley problem. Yale Law J. 94(6):1395–1415.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tversky A, Shafir E (1992) Choice under conflict: The dynamics of deferred decision. Psych. Sci. 3(6):358–361.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tversky A, Simonson I (1993) Context-dependent preferences. Management Sci. 39(10):1179–1189.Link, Google Scholar
• Uhlmann EL, Pizarro DA, Tannenbaum D, Ditto PH (2009) The motivated use of moral principles. Judgment Decision Making 4(6):476–491.Google Scholar