On the Size of the Gender Difference in Competitiveness

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2673

References

  • Almås I, Cappelen AW, Salvanes KG, Sørensen EØ, Tungodden B (2015) Willingness to compete: Family matters. Management Sci. 68(8):2149–2162.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Altonji JG, Blank RM (1999) Race and gender in the labor market. Ashenfelter OC, Card D, eds. Handbook of Labor Economics Vol. 3C, (Elsevier, Amsterdam), 3143–3259.Google Scholar
  • Andersen S, Ertac S, Gneezy U, List JA, Maximiano S (2013) Gender, competitiveness, and socialization at a young age: Evidence from a matrilineal and a patriarchal society. Rev. Econom. Statist. 95(4):1438–1443.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Babcock L, Laschever S (2003) Women Don’t Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Balafoutas L, Sutter M (2012) Affirmative action policies promote women and do not harm efficiency in the laboratory. Science 335(6068):579–582.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Balafoutas L, Kerschbamer R, Sutter M (2012) Distributional preferences and competitive behavior. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 83(1):125–135.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Bateman AJ (1948) Intra-sexual selection in Drosophila. Heredity 2(Part 3):349–368.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Bertrand M (2011) New perspectives on gender. Ashenfelter O, Card D, eds. Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 4B, (Elsevier, Amsterdam), 1543–1590.Google Scholar
  • Bertrand M, Hallock KF (2001) The gender gap in top corporate jobs. Indust. Labor Relations Rev. 55(1):3–21.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Booth A, Nolen P (2012) Choosing to compete: How different are girls and boys? J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 81(2):542–555.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Buser T, Dreber A, Mollerstrom J (2016) The impact of stress on tournament entry. J. Experiment. Econom., ePub ahead of print November 11, doi:10.1007/s10683-016-9496-x.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Buser T, Niederle M, Oosterbeek H (2014) Gender, competitiveness and career choices. Quart. J. Econom. 129(3):1409–1447.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Cason TN, Masters WA, Sheremeta RM (2010) Entry into winner-take-all and proportional-prize contests: An experimental study. J. Public Econom. 94(9–10):604–611.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Charness G, Gneezy U (2012) Strong evidence for gender differences in risk taking. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 83(1):50–58.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Charness G, Gneezy U, Kuhn M (2012) Experimental method: Between-subject and within-subject design. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 81(1):1–8.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Croson R, Gneezy U (2009) Gender differences in preferences. J. Econom. Literature 47(2):448–474.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Dargnies M-P (2012) Men too sometimes shy away from competition: The case of team competition. Management Sci. 58(1):1982–2000.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Darwin C (1871) The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (John Murray, London).Google Scholar
  • Datta GN, Poulsen A, Villeval MC (2013) Gender matching and competitiveness: Experimental evidence. Econom. Inquiry 51(1):816–835.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Dekel E, Scotchmer S (1999) On the evolution of attitudes towards risk in winner-take-all games. J. Econom. Theory 87(1):125–143.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Dohmen T, Falk A (2011) Performance pay and multidimensional sorting: Productivity, preferences, and gender. Amer. Econom. Rev. 101(2):556–590.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Dohmen T, Falk A, Huffman D, Sunde U, Schupp J, Wagner GG (2011) Individual risk attitudes: Measurement, determinants, and behavior consequences. J. Eur. Econom. Assoc. 99(3):522–550.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Eckel CC, Grossman PJ (2008) Men, women, and risk aversion: Experimental evidence. Plott CR, Smith VL, eds. Handbook of Experimental Economics Results Vol. 1, (North-Holland, Amsterdam), 1061–1073.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ertac S, Szentes B (2011) The effect of performance feedback on gender differences in competitiveness: Experimental evidence. Working paper, Koç University, Istanbul.Google Scholar
  • Fairchild C (2014) Number of Fortune 500 women CEOs reaches historic high. Fortune (June 3), http://fortune.com/2014/06/03/number-of-fortune-500-women-ceos-reaches-historic-high/.Google Scholar
  • Flory JA, Leibbrandt A, List JA (2015) Do competitive workplaces deter female workers? A large-scale natural field experiment on job entry decisions. Rev. Econom. Stud. 82(1):122–155.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gneezy U, Potters J (1997) An experiment on risk taking and evaluation periods. Quart. J. Econom. 112(2):631–645.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gneezy U, Rustichini A (2004) Gender and competition at a young age. Amer. Econom. Rev. 94(2):377–381.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gneezy U, Leonard KL, List JA (2009) Gender differences in competition: Evidence from a matrilineal and a patriarchal society. Econometrica 77(5):1637–1664.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gneezy U, Niederle M, Rustichini A (2003) Performance in competitive environments: Gender differences. Quart. J. Econom. 118(3):1049–1074.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Goldin C, Katz LF, Kuziemko I (2006) The homecoming of American college women: The reversal of the college gender gap. J. Econom. Perspect. 20(4):133–156.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Günther C, Ekinci NA, Schwieren C, Strobel M (2010) Women can’t jump? An experiment on competitive attitudes and stereotype threat. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 75(3):395–401.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hausmann R, Tyson LD, Zahidi S (2010) The global gender gap report 2009. Report, World Economic Forum, Geneva.Google Scholar
  • Healy A, Pate J (2011) Can teams help to close the gender competition gap? Econom. J. 121(555):1192–1204.Google Scholar
  • Holt CA, Laury SK (2002) Risk aversion and incentive effects. Amer. Econom. Rev. 92(5):1644–1655.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ifcher J, Zarghamee H (2016) Pricing competition: A new laboratory measure of gender differences in the willingness to compete. Experiment. Econom. 19(3):642–662.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Knight J (2002) Sexual stereotypes. Nature 415(6869):254–256.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Lichtenstein S, Fischhoff B, Phillips LD (1982) Calibration of probabilities: The state of the art to 1980. Daniel K, Slovic P, Tversky A, eds. Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK), 306–334.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Möbius MM, Niederle M, Niehaus P, Rosenblat TS (2011) Managing selfcConfidence: Theory and experimental evidence. NBER Working Paper w17014, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Niederle M, Vesterlund L (2007) Do women shy away from competition? Do men compete too much? Quart. J. Econom. 122(3):1067–1101.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Niederle M, Vesterlund L (2010) Explaining the gender gap in math test scores: The role of competition. J. Econom. Perspect. 24(2):129–144.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Niederle M, Vesterlund L (2011) Gender and competition. Annual Rev. Econom. 3:601–630.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Niederle M, Segal C, Vesterlund L (2012) How costly is diversity? Affirmative action in light of gender differences in competitiveness. Management Sci. 59(1):1–16.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Petrie R, Segal C (2015) Gender differences in competitiveness: The role of prizes. GMU Working Paper in Economics 14-47, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA.Google Scholar
  • Rigdon ML (2012) An experimental investigation of gender differences in wage negotiations. Working paper, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Shurchkov O (2012) Under pressure: Gender differences in output quality and quantity under competition and time constraints. J. Eur. Econom. Assoc. 10(5):1189–1213.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Soll JB, Klayman J (2004) Overconfidence in interval estimates. J. Experiment. Psych. Learn. Memory Cognition 30(2):299–314.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Sutter M, Ruützler D (2014) Gender differences in competition emerge early in life and persist. Management Sci. 61(10):2339–2354.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Trivers RL (1972) Parental investment and sexual selection. Campbell B, ed. Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man (Aldine, Chicago), 136–177.Google Scholar
  • Vandegrift D, Yavas A (2009) Men, women, and competition: An experimental test of behavior. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 72(1):554–570.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Wozniak D, Harbaugh WT, Mayr U (2014) The menstrual cycle and performance feedback alter gender differences in competitive choices. J. Labor Econom. 32(1):161–198.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
INFORMS site uses cookies to store information on your computer. Some are essential to make our site work; Others help us improve the user experience. By using this site, you consent to the placement of these cookies. Please read our Privacy Statement to learn more.