Hormonal Contraceptives Do Not Impact Economic Preferences: Evidence from a Randomized Trial

References

• Almås I, Cappelen AW, Salvanes KG, Sørensen EØ, Tungodden B (2016) Willingness to compete: Family matters. Management Sci. 62(8):2149–2162.Link, Google Scholar
• Apicella CL, Dreber A, Campbell B, Gray PB, Hoffman M, Little AC (2008) Testosterone and financial risk preferences. Evolution Human Behav. 29(6):384–390.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Benjamin DJ, Brown SA, Shapiro JM (2013) Who is “behavioral”? Cognitive ability and anomalous preferences. J. Eur. Econom. Assoc. 11(6):1231–1255.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bertrand M (2011) New perspectives on gender. Card D, Ashenfelter O, eds. Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 4 (Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam), 1543–1590.Google Scholar
• Boksem MAS, Mehta PH, Van den Bergh B, van Son V, Trautmann ST, Roelofs K, Smidts A, Sanfey AG (2013) Testosterone inhibits trust but promotes reciprocity. Psychol. Sci. 24(11):2306–2314.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bonin H, Dohmen T, Falk A, Huffman D, Sunde U (2007) Cross-sectional earnings risk and occupational sorting: The role of risk attitudes. Labour Econom. 14(6):926–937.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bos PA, Terburg D, van Honk J (2010) Testosterone decreases trust in socially naïve humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107(22):9991–9995.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bröder A, Hohmann N (2003) Variations in risk taking behavior over the menstrual cycle. Evolution Human Behav. 24(6):391–398.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brynhildsen J (2014) Combined hormonal contraceptives: Prescribing patterns, compliance, and benefits versus risks. Therapeutic Adv. Drug Safety 5(5):201–213.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burnham TC (2007) High-testosterone men reject low ultimatum game offers. Proc. Roy. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 274(1623):2327–2330.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Buser T (2012a) Digit ratios, the menstrual cycle and social preferences. Games Econom. Behav. 76(2):457–470.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Buser T (2012b) The impact of the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptives on competitiveness. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 83(1):1–10.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Buser T, Niederle M, Oosterbeek H (2014) Gender, competitiveness, and career choices. Quart. J. Econom. 129(3):1409–1447.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Button KS, Ioannidis JPA, Mokrysz C, Nosek BA, Flint J, Robinson ESJ, Munafò MR (2013) Power failure: Why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nature Rev. Neuroscience 14(5):365–376.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Camerer C (2003) Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).Google Scholar
• Chavanne TJ, Gallup GG (1998) Variation in risk taking behavior among female college students as a function of the menstrual cycle. Evolution Human Behav. 19(1):27–32.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Katuščák P, Ozdenoren E (2013) Why can’t a woman bid more like a man? Games Econom. Behav. 77(1):181–213.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Croson R, Gneezy U (2009) Gender differences in preferences. J. Econom. Literature 47(2):448–474.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dohmen T, Falk A, Huffman D, Sunde U, Schupp J, Wagner GG (2011) Individual risk attitudes: Measurement, determinants, and behavioral consequences. J. Eur. Econom. Assoc. 9(3):522–550.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Easterbrook PJ, Gopalan R, Berlin JA, Matthews DR (1991) Publication bias in clinical research. Lancet 337(8746):867–872.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Eckel CC, Grossman PJ (1996) Altruism in anonymous dictator games. Games Econom. Behav. 16(2):181–191.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Eckel CC, Grossman PJ (2008) Forecasting risk attitudes: An experimental study using actual and forecast gamble choices. J. Econom. Behav. 68(1):1–17.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Eckel CC, Grossman PJ (2008) Men, women and risk aversion: Experimental evidence. Plott C, Smith V, eds. Handbook of Experimental Economics Results Vol. 1 (Elsevier, B.V., Amsterdam), 1061–1073.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Eisenegger C, Naef M, Snozzi R, Heinrichs M, Fehr E (2010) Prejudice and truth about the effect of testosterone on human bargaining behaviour. Nature 463(7279):356–359.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Engel C (2011) Dictator games: A meta study. Experiment. Econom. 14(4):583–610.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gingnell M, Engman J, Frick A, Moby L, Wikström J, Fredrikson M, Sundström-Poromaa I (2013) Oral contraceptive use changes brain activity and mood in women with previous negative affect on the pill—A double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial of a levonorgestrel-containing combined oral contraceptive. Psychoneuroendocrinology 38(7):1133–1144.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gneezy U, Niederle M, Rustichini A (2003) Performance in competitive environments: Gender differences. Quart. J. Econom. 118(3):1049–1074.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Goldin C (2014) A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter. Amer. Econom. Rev. 104(4):1091–1119.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Goldin C, Katz LF (2002) The power of the pill: Oral contraceptives and women’s career and marriage decisions. J. Political Econom. 110(4):730–770.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Graham CA, Sherwin BB (1993) The relationship between mood and sexuality in women using an oral contraceptive as a treatment for premenstrual symptoms. Psychoneuroendocrinology 18(4):273–281.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Graham CA, Ramos R, Bancroft J, Maglaya C, Farley TM (1995) The effects of steroidal contraceptives on the well-being and sexuality of women: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-centre study of combined and progestogen-only methods. Contraception 52(6):363–369.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ioannidis JPA, Munafò MR, Fusar-Poli P, Nosek BA, David SP (2014) Publication and other reporting biases in cognitive sciences: Detection, prevalence, and prevention. Trends in Cognitive Sci. 18(5):235–241.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kolstad JR, Lindkvist I (2013) Pro-social preferences and self-selection into the public health sector: Evidence from an economic experiment. Health Policy Planning 28(3):320–327.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kosfeld M, Heinrichs M, Zak PJ, Fischbacher U, Fehr E (2005) Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature 435(7042):673–676.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lazzaro SC, Rutledge RB, Burghart DR, Glimcher PW (2016) The impact of menstrual cycle phase on economic choice and rationality. PLOS ONE 11(1):e0144080.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Niederle M, Vesterlund L (2007) Do women shy away from competition? Do men compete too much? Quart. J. Econom. 122(3):1067–1101.Crossref, Google Scholar
• O’Connell K, Davis AR, Kerns J (2007) Oral contraceptives: Side effects and depression in adolescent girls. Contraception 75(4):299–304.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pearson M, Schipper BC (2013) Menstrual cycle and competitive bidding. Games Econom. Behav. 78(March):1–20.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pletzer BA, Kerschbaum HH (2014) 50 years of hormonal contraception—Time to find out, what it does to our brain. Frontiers in Neuroscience 8:256. doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00256.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Reuben E, Wiswall M, Zafar B (2017) Preferences and biases in educational choices and labour market expectations: Shrinking the black box of gender. Econom. J. 127(604):2153–2186.Google Scholar
• Sapienza P, Zingales L, Maestripieri D (2009) Gender differences in financial risk aversion and career choices are affected by testosterone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106(36):15268–15273.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Schipper BC (2014) Sex hormones and choice under risk. SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2046324. Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY.Google Scholar
• Schipper BC (2015) Sex hormones and competitive bidding. Management Sci. 61(2):249–266.Link, Google Scholar
• Schleussner E, Brueckner T, Brautigam J, Michels W (2001) Influence of two low-dose oral contraceptives on pulsatile gonadotropin secretion. Gynecological Endocrinology 15(4):259–264.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Stanton SJ, Mullette-Gillman O’A, McLaurin RE, Kuhn CM, LaBar KS, Platt ML, Huettel SA (2011) Low- and high-testosterone individuals exhibit decreased aversion to economic risk. Psychol. Sci. 22(4):447–453.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sulak PJ, Scow RD, Preece C, Riggs MW, Kuehl TJ (2000) Hormone withdrawal symptoms in oral contraceptive users. Obstetrics Gynecology 95(2):261–266.Google Scholar
• Sutter M, Glätzle-Rützler D (2015) Gender differences in the willingness to compete emerge early in life and persist. Management Sci. 61(10):2339–2354.Link, Google Scholar
• van Honk J, Montoya ER, Bos PA, van Vugt M, Terburg D (2012) New evidence on testosterone and cooperation. Nature 485(7399):E4–E5.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wozniak D, Harbaugh WT, Mayr U (2014) The menstrual cycle and performance feedback alter gender differences in competitive choices. J. Labor Econom. 32(1):161–198.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zak PJ, Kurzban R, Ahmadi S, Swerdloff RS, Park J, Efremidze L, Redwine K, Morgan K, Matzner W (2009) Testosterone administration decreases generosity in the ultimatum game. PLOS ONE 4(12):e8330. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008330.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zethraeus N, Kocoska-Maras L, Ellingsen T, von Schoultz B, Hirschberg AL, Johannesson M (2009) A randomized trial of the effect of estrogen and testosterone on economic behavior. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106(16):6535–6538.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zethraeus N, Dreber A, Ranehill E, Blomberg L, Labrie F, von Schoultz B, Johannesson M, Hirschberg AL (2016) Combined oral contraceptives and sexual function in women—A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J. Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism 101(11):4046–4053.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zethraeus N, Dreber A, Ranehill E, Blomberg L, Labrie F, von Schoultz B, Johannesson M, Hirschberg AL (2017) A first-choice combined oral contraceptive decreases general well-being in healthy women: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Fertility and Sterility 107(5):1238–1245.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zhang YJ (2013) Culture and the gender gap in competitive inclination: Evidence from the communist experiment in China. MPRA Paper 47356. University Library of Munich, Germany. http://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/47356.html.Google Scholar
• Zimmerman Y, Eijkemans MJC, Coelingh Bennink HJT, Blankenstein MA, Fauser BCJM (2014) The effect of combined oral contraception on testosterone levels in healthy women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Update 20(1):76–105.Crossref, Google Scholar