When to Use Provider Triage in Emergency Departments

References

• Allon G, Deo S, Lin W (2013) The impact of size and occupancy of hospital on the extent of ambulance diversion: Theory and evidence. Oper. Res. 61(3):544–562.Link, Google Scholar
• American College of Emergency Physicians (2006) Approaching full capacity in the emergency department. Report, American College of Emergency Physicians, Irving, TX.Google Scholar
• Armony M, Israelit S, Mandelbaum A, Marmor YN, Tseytlin Y, Yom-Tov GB (2015) On patient flow in hospitals: A data-based queueing-science perspective. Stochastic Systems 5(1):146–194.Link, Google Scholar
• Bassamboo A, Harrison JM, Zeevi A (2006) Design and control of a large call center: Asymptotic analysis of an LP-based method. Oper. Res. 54(3):419–435.Link, Google Scholar
• Batt RJ, Terwiesch C (2015) Waiting patiently: An empirical study of queue abandonment in an emergency department. Management Sci. 61(1):39–59.Link, Google Scholar
• Batt RJ, Terwiesch C (2016) Early task initiation and other load-adaptive mechanisms in the emergency department. Management Sci. 63(11):3531–3551.Link, Google Scholar
• Besbes O, Maglaras C (2009) Revenue optimization for a make-to-order queue in an uncertain market environment. Oper. Res. 57(6):1438–1450.Link, Google Scholar
• Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012) May 2012 national occupational employment and wage estimates in United States. Accessed June 12, 2015, http://www.bls.gov/oes/2012/may/oes_nat.htm.Google Scholar
• Burström L, Nordberg M, Örnung G, Castrén M, Wiklund T, Engström ML, Enlund M (2012) Physician-led team triage based on lean principles may be superior for efficiency and quality? A comparison of three emergency departments with different triage models. Scand. J. Trauma, Resuscitation Emergency Medicine 20(1):1–10.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chan TC, Killeen JP, Kelly D, Guss DA (2005) Impact of rapid entry and accelerated care at triage on reducing emergency department patient wait times, lengths of stay, and rate of left without being seen. Ann. Emergency Medicine 46(6):491–497.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chen DGD, Sun J, Peace KE (2012) Interval-Censored Time-to-Event Data: Methods and Applications (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cheung DS, Kelly JJ, Beach C, Berkeley RP, Bitterman RA, Broida RI, Dalsey WCet al. (2010) Improving handoffs in the emergency department. Ann. Emergency Medicine 55(2):171–180.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Choi YF, Wong TW, Lau CC (2006) Triage rapid initial assessment by doctor (TRIAD) improves waiting time and processing time of the emergency department. Emergency Medicine J. 23(4):262–265.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Clark C (2010) Hospital leaders give strategies to remove ED bottlenecks. HealthLeaders Media February 24), http://www.healthleadersmedia.com/page-2/LED-247042/Hospital-Leaders -Give-Strategies-to-Remove-ED-Bottlenecks.Google Scholar
• Cooke MW, Arora P, Mason S (2003) Discharge from triage: Modelling the potential in different types of emergency department. Emergency Medicine J. 20(2):131–133.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dobson G, Tezcan T, Tilson V (2013) Optimal workflow decisions for investigators in systems with interruptions. Management Sci. 59(5):1125–1141.Link, Google Scholar
• Gilboy N, Tanabe T, Travers D, Rosenau AM (2011) Emergency Severity Index (ESI): A Triage Tool for Emergency Department Care, Version 4—Implementation Handbook, 2012 Edition (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Bethesda, MD).Google Scholar
• Green LV, Kolesar P (1991) The pointwise stationary approximation for queues with nonstationary arrivals. Management Sci. 37(1):84–97.Link, Google Scholar
• Green LV, Kolesar P, Svoronos A (1991) Some effects of nonstationarity on multiserver Markovian queueing systems. Oper. Res. 39(3):502–511.Link, Google Scholar
• Green LV, Soares J, Giglio JF, Green RA (2006) Using queueing theory to increase the effectiveness of emergency department provider staffing. Acad. Emergency Medicine 13(1):61–68.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Han JH, France DJ, Levin SR, Jones ID, Storrow AB, Aronsky D (2010) The effect of physician triage on emergency department length of stay. J. Emergency Medicine 39(2):227–233.Crossref, Google Scholar
• He Y (2013) Patient flow interventions and prioritization in emergency department. Unpublished master’s thesis, Pennsylvania State University, State College.Google Scholar
• Henneman PL, Lemanski M, Smithline HA, Tomaszewski A, Mayforth JA (2009) Emergency department admissions are more profitable than non-emergency department admissions. Ann. Emergency Medicine 53(2):249–255.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Holm LB, Dahl FA (2009) Simulating the effect of physician triage in the emergency department of Akershus University Hospital. Winter Simulation Conf., Austin, Texas, 1896–1905.Google Scholar
• Holroyd BR, Bullard MJ, Latoszek K, Gordon D, Allen S, Tam S, Blitz S, Yoon P, Rowe BH (2007) Impact of a triage liaison physician on emergency department overcrowding and throughput: A randomized controlled trial. Acad. Emergency Medicine 14(8):702–708.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Huang J, Carmeli B, Mandelbaum A (2012) Control of patient flow in emergency departments, or multiclass queues with deadlines and feedback. Oper. Res. 63(4):892–908.Link, Google Scholar
• Imperato J, Morris DS, Binder D, Fischer C, Patrick J, Sanchez LD, Setnik G (2012) Physician in triage improves emergency department patient throughput. Internal Emergency Medicine 7(5):457–462.Crossref, Google Scholar
• KC DS (2013) Does multitasking improve performance? Evidence from the emergency department. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 16(2):168–183.Link, Google Scholar
• McHugh M, Tanabe P, McClelland M, Khare RK (2012) More patients are triaged using the emergency severity index than any other triage acuity system in the United States. Acad. Emergency Medicine 19(1):106–109.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Olshaker JS, Rathlev NK (2006) Emergency department overcrowding and ambulance diversion: The impact and potential solutions of extended boarding of admitted patients in the emergency department. J. Emergency Medicine 30(3):351–356.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Oredsson S, Jonsson H, Rognes J, Lind L, Goransson KE, Ehrenberg A, Asplund K, Castrén M, Farrohknia N (2011) A systematic review of triage-related interventions to improve patient flow in emergency departments. Scand. J. Trauma Resuscitation Emergency Medicine 19(1):43.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pines JM, Iyer S, Disbot M, Hollander JE, Shofer FS, Datner EM (2008) The effect of emergency department crowding on patient satisfaction for admitted patients. Acad. Emergency Medicine 15(9):825–831.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pinker EJ, Tezcan T (2013) Determining the optimal configuration of hospital inpatient rooms in the presence of isolation patients. Oper. Res. 61(6):1259–1276.Link, Google Scholar
• Pitts SR, Pines JM, Handrigan MT, Kellermann AL (2012) National trends in emergency department occupancy, 2001 to 2008: Effect of inpatient admissions versus emergency department practice intensity. Ann. Emergency Medicine 60(6):679–686.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rogers T, Ross N, Spooner D (2004) Evaluation of a “see and treat” pilot study introduced to an emergency department. Accident Emergency Nursing 12(1):24–27.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rogg JG, White BA, Biddinger PD, Chang Y, Brown DFM (2013) A long-term analysis of physician triage screening in the emergency department. Acad. Emergency Medicine 20(4):374–380.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Saghafian S, Austin G, Traub SJ (2015) Operations research/management contributions to emergency department patient flow optimization: Review and research prospects. IIE Trans. Healthcare Systems Engrg. 5(2):101–123.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Saghafian S, Hopp WJ, Van Oyen MP, Desmond JS, Kronick SL (2012) Patient streaming as a mechanism for improving responsiveness in emergency departments. Oper. Res. 60(5):1080–1097.Link, Google Scholar
• Saghafian S, Hopp WJ, Van Oyen MP, Desmond JS, Kronick SL (2014) Complexity-augmented triage: A tool for improving patient safety and operational efficiency. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 16(3):329–345.Link, Google Scholar
• Shi P, Chou MC, Dai JG, Ding D, Sim J (2015) Models and insights for hospital inpatient operations: Time-dependent ED boarding time. Management Sci. 62(1):1–28.Google Scholar
• Shumsky RA, Pinker EJ (2003) Gatekeepers and referrals in services. Management Sci. 49(7):839–856.Link, Google Scholar
• Song H, Tucker AL, Murrell KL (2015) The diseconomies of queue pooling: An empirical investigation of emergency department length of stay. Management Sci. 61(12):3032–3053.Link, Google Scholar
• Soremekun OA, Biddinger PD, White BA, Sinclair JR, Chang SB Carignan, Y Brown DFM (2012) Operational and financial impact of physician screening in the ED. Amer. J. Emergency Medicine 30(4):532–539.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Stolyar AL, Tezcan T (2011) Shadow-routing based control of flexible multiserver pools in overload. Oper. Res. 59(6):1427–1444.Link, Google Scholar
• Subash F, Dunn F, McNicholl B, Marlow J (2004) Team triage improves emergency department efficiency. Emergency Medicine J. 21(5):542–544.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Terris J, Leman P, O’Connor N, Wood R (2004) Making an IMPACT on emergency department flow: Improving patient processing assisted by consultant at triage. Emergency Medicine J. 21(5): 537–541.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Traub SJ, Wood JP, Kelley J, Nestler DM, Chang YH, Saghafian S,Lipinski CA (2015) Emergency department rapid medicalassessment: Overall effect and mechanistic considerations. J. Emergency Medicine 48(5):620–627.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Travers JP, Lee FCY (2006) Avoiding prolonged waiting time during busy periods in the emergency department: Is there a role for the senior emergency physician in triage? Eur. J. Emergency Medicine 13(6):342–348.Google Scholar
• U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) (2009) Hospital emergency departments: Crowding continues to occur, and some patients wait longer than recommended time frames. GAO-09-347, report to the Chairman, Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate, U.S. Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC. http://www.gao.gov/assets/290/289048.pdf.Google Scholar
• Whitt W (2004) Efficiency-driven heavy-traffic approximations for many-server queues with abandonments. Management Sci. 50(10):1449–1461.Link, Google Scholar
• Wiler JL, Gentle C, Halfpenny JM, Heins A, Mehrotra A, Mikhail MG, Fite D (2010) Optimizing emergency department front-end operations. Ann. Emergency Medicine 55(2):142–160.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Xu K, Chan CW (2016) Using future information to reduce waiting times in the emergency department via diversion. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 18(3):314–331.Link, Google Scholar
• Ye K, McD Taylor D, Knott JC, Dent A, MacBean CE (2007) Handover in the emergency department: Deficiencies and adverse effects. Emergency Medicine Australasia 19(5):433–441.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Yom-Tov GB, Mandelbaum A (2014) Erlang-R: A time-varying queue with reentrant customers, in support of healthcare staffing. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 16(2):283–299.Link, Google Scholar
• Zayas-Cabán G, Xie J, Green LV, Lewis ME (2014) Optimal control of an emergency room triage and treatment process. Working Paper 14-51, Columbia Business School, New York.Google Scholar