That Could Have Been Me: Director Deaths, CEO Mortality Salience, and Corporate Prosocial Behavior

References

• Aghion P, Bond S, Klemm A, Marinescu I (2004) Technology and financial structure: Are innovative firms different? J. Eur. Econom. Assoc. 2(2/3):277–288.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Agle BR, Mitchell RK, Sonnenfeld JA (1999) Who matters to CEOs? An investigation of stakeholder attributes and salience, corporate performance, and CEO values. Acad. Management J. 42(5):507–525.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Aguinis H (2011) Organizational responsibility: Doing good and doing well. Zedeck S, ed. Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, vol. 3 (American Psychological Association, Washington, DC), 855–879.Google Scholar
• Aguinis H, Glavas A (2012) What we know and don’t know about corporate social responsibility: A review and research agenda. J. Management 38(4):932–968.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ai C, Norton EC (2003) Interaction terms in logit and probit models. Econom. Lett. 80(1):123–129.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Alloy LB, Abramson LY (1979) Judgment of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students: Sadder but wiser? J. Experiment. Psych. General 108(4):441–485.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Altonji JG, Elder TE, Taber CR (2005) Selection on observed and unobserved variables: Assessing the effectiveness of Catholic schools. J. Political Econom. 113(1):151–184.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Andrews KR (1971) The Concept of Corporate Strategy (Dow Jones-Irwin, Homewood, IL).Google Scholar
• Angrist JD, Pischke J-S (2008) Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist’s Companion (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Arthaud-Day ML, Certo ST, Dalton CM, Dalton DR (2006) A changing of the guard: Executive and director turnover following corporate financial restatements. Acad. Management J. 49(6):1119–1136.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Azoulay P, Graff Zivin JS, Wang J (2010) Superstar extinction. Quart. J. Econom. 125(2):549–589.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Barker VL, Mueller GC (2002) CEO characteristics and firm R&D spending. Management Sci. 48(6):782–801.Link, Google Scholar
• Barnea A, Rubin A (2010) Corporate social responsibility as a conflict between shareholders. J. Bus. Ethics 97(1):71–86.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bar-Tal D (1976) Prosocial Behavior: Theory and Research (Hemisphere, Washington, DC).Google Scholar
• Bauer M, Cassar A, Chytilova J, Henrich J (2014) War’s enduring effects on the development of egalitarian motivations and in-group biases. Psych. Sci. 25(1):47–57.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Beatty RP, Zajac EJ (1994) Managerial incentives, monitoring, and risk bearing: A study of executive compensation, ownership, and board structure in initial public offerings. Admin. Sci. Quart. 39(2):313–335.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bebchuk LA, Fried JM (2003) Executive compensation as an agency problem. J. Econom. Perspect. 17(3):71–92.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Becchetti L, Conzo P, Romeo A (2014) Violence, trust, and trustworthiness: Evidence from a Nairobi slum. Oxford Econom. Papers 66:283–305.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ben-Ner A, Van Hoomissen T (1994) The governance of nonprofit organizations: Law and public policy. Nonprofit Management Leadership 4(4):393–414.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bertrand M, Mullainathan S (2003) Enjoying the quiet life? Corporate governance and managerial preferences. J. Political Econom. 111(5):1043–1075.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bianchi EC (2013) The bright side of bad times: The affective advantages of entering the workforce in a recession. Admin. Sci. Quart. 58(4):587–623.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bianchi EC (2014) Entering adulthood in a recession tempers later narcissism. Psych. Sci. 25(7):1429–1437.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Biddle BJ (1986) Recent development in role theory. Annual Rev. Sociol. 12:67–92.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Blackwell M, Iacus S, King G, Porro G (2010) cem: Coarsened exact matching in stata. Stata J. 9(4):524–546.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bode C, Singh J, Rogan M (2015) Corporate social initiatives and employee retention. Organ. Sci. 26(6):1702–1720.Link, Google Scholar
• Bonanno GA, Kaltman S (2001) The varieties of grief experience. Clinical Psych. Rev. 21(5):705–734.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bowles S (2008) Conflict: Altruism’s midwife. Nature 456:326–327.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Briscoe F, Chin MK, Hambrick DC (2014) CEO ideology as an element of the corporate opportunity structure for social activists. Acad. Management J. 57(6):1786–1809.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Browne MJ, Kim K (1993) An international analysis of life insurance demand. J. Risk Insurance 60(4):616–634.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burton AM, Haley WE, Small BJ (2006) Bereavement after caregiving or unexpected death: Effects on elderly spouses. Aging Mental Health 10(3):319–326.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Callen M, Isaqzadeh M, Long JD, Sprenger C (2014) Violence and risk preference: Experimental evidence from Afghanistan. Amer. Econom. Rev. 104(1):1–18.Google Scholar
• Carnahan S, Kryscynski D, Olson D (2017) When does corporate social responsibility reduce employee turnover? Evidence from attorneys before and after 9/11. Acad. Management J. 60(5):1932–1962.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Carpenter MA, Westphal JD (2001) The strategic context of external network ties: Examining the impact of director appointments on board involvement in strategic decision making. Acad. Management J. 44(4):639–660.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Carpenter MA, Geletkanycz MA, Sanders WG (2004) Upper echelons research revisited: Antecedents, elements, and consequences of top management team composition. J. Management 30(6):749–778.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chan F, McMahon BT, Cheing G, Rosenthal DA, Bezyak J (2005) Drivers of workplace discrimination against people with disabilities: The utility of attribution theory. Work 25(1):77–88.Google Scholar
• Chatterjee A, Hambrick DC (2007) It’s all about me: Narcissistic chief executive officers and their effects on company strategy and performance. Admin. Sci. Quart. 52(3):351–386.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chin MK, Hambrick DC, Trevino LK (2013) Political ideologies of CEOs: The influence of executives’ values on corporate social responsibility. Admin. Sci. Quart. 58(2):197–232.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Choi JH, Wang H (2009) Stakeholder relations and the persistence of corporate financial performance. Strategic Management J. 30(8):895–907.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Choron J (1963) Death and Western Thought (Collier, New York).Google Scholar
• Cooper D, Thatcher SMB (2010) Identification in organizations: The role of self-concept orientations and identification motives. Acad. Management Rev. 35(4):516–538.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dahl MS, Dezső CL, Ross DG (2012) Fatherhood and managerial style: How a male CEO’s children affect the wages of his employees. Admin. Sci. Quart. 57(4):669–693.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Davis GF, Yoo M, Baker WE (2003) The small world of the American corporate elite, 1982–2001. Strategic Organ. 1(3):301–326.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Desai SD, Chugh D, Brief AP (2014) The implications of marriage structure for men’s workplace attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors toward women. Admin. Sci. Quart. 59(2):330–365.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Donald SG, Lang K (2007) Inference with difference-in-differences and other panel data. Rev. Econom. Statist. 89(2):221–233.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dore B, Ort L, Braverman O, Ochsner KN (2015) Sadness shifts to anxiety over time and distance from the national tragedy in Newtown, Connecticut. Psych. Sci. 26(4):363–373.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ebaugh HRF (1988) Becoming an Ex: The Process of Role Exit (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Farh J-L, Tsui AS, Xin K, Cheng B-S (1998) The influence of relational demography and Guanxi: The Chinese case. Organ. Sci. 9(4):471–488.Link, Google Scholar
• Finkelstein S, Hambrick DC (1990) Top-Management-Team tenure and organizational outcomes: The moderating role of managerial discretion. Admin. Sci. Quart. 35(3):484–503.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Finkelstein S, Hambrick DC, Cannella AA (2009) Strategic Leadership: Theory and Research on Executives, Top Management Teams, and Boards (Oxford University Press, New York).Google Scholar
• Fiske ST (2014) Social Beings: Core Motives in Social Psychology, 3rd ed. (Wiley, New York).Google Scholar
• Fracassi C, Tate G (2012) External networking and internal firm governance. J. Finance 67(1):153–194.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Galaskiewicz J (1997) An urban grants economy revisited: Corporate charitable contributions in the Twin Cities 1979-1981, 1987-1989. Admin. Sci. Quart. 42(3):445–471.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gawande A (2014) Being Mortal: Medicine and What Matters in the End (Profile Books, London).Google Scholar
• Giambatista RC (2004) Jumping through hoops: A longitudinal study of leader life cycles in the NBA. Leadership Quart. 15(5):607–624.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gilligan MJ, Pasquale BJ, Samii C (2014) Civil war and social cohesion: Laboratory-in-the-field evidence from Nepal. Amer. J. Political Sci. 58(3):604–619.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gneezy A, Fessler DMT (2012) Conflict, sticks, and carrots: War increases prosocial punishments and rewards. Proc. Biol. Sci. 279:219–223.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Goldstone RL, Son JY (2012) Similarity. Holyoak KJ, Morrison RG, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning (Oxford University Press, New York), 155–176.Google Scholar
• Gow ID, Wahid AS, Yu G (2018) Managing reputation: Evidence from biographies of corporate directors. J. Accounting Econom. 66(2/3):448–469.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Grant AM, Wade-Benzoni KA (2009) The hot and cool of death awareness at work: Mortality cues, aging, and self-protective and prosocial motivations. Acad. Management Rev. 34(4):600–622.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Greenberg G, Solomon S, Pyszczynski T (1997) Terror management theory of self-esteem and cultural worldviews: Empirical assessments and conceptual refinements. Adv. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 29:61–139.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hambrick DC, Finkelstein S (1987) Managerial discretion: A bridge between polar views of organizational outcomes. Staw B, Cummings LL, eds. Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 9 (JAI Press, Greenwich, CT), 369–406.Google Scholar
• Hambrick DC, Fukutomi GDS (1991) The seasons of a CEO’s tenure. Acad. Management Rev. 16(4):719–742.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hambrick DC, Mason PA (1984) Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Acad. Management Rev. 9(2):193–206.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Heckman J, Navarro-Lozano S (2004) Using matching, instrumental variables, and control functions to estimate economic choice models. Rev. Econom. Statist. 86(1):30–57.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Henderson AD, Miller D, Hambrick DC (2006) How quickly do CEOs become obsolete? Industry dynamism, CEO tenure, and company performance. Strategic Management J. 27(5):447–460.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hermalin BE, Weisbach MS (1998) Endogenously chosen boards of directors and their monitoring of the CEO. Amer. Econom. Rev. 88(1):96–118.Google Scholar
• Hogg MA, Terry DI (2000) Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Acad. Management Rev. 25(1):121–140.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Huson MR, Malatesta PH, Parrino R (2004) Managerial succession and firm performance. J. Financial Econom. 74(2):237–275.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hwang B-H, Kim S (2009) It pays to have friends. J. Financial Econom. 93(1):138–158.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Iacus SM, King G, Porro G (2011) Multivariate matching methods that are monotonic imbalance bounding. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 106(493):345–361.Crossref, Google Scholar
• James W (1890) Principles of Psychology (Henry Holt & Co, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Johnson WB, Magee RP, Nagarajan NJ, Newman HA (1985) An analysis of the stock-price reaction to sudden executive deaths: Implications for the managerial labor-market. J. Accounting Econom. 7(1–3):151–174.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Joireman J, Duell B (2005) Mother Teresa vs. Ebenezer Scrooge: Mortality salience leads proselfs to endorse self-transcendent values (unless proselfs are reassured). Perspect. Soc. Psych. Bull. 31(3):307–320.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jonas E, Schimel J, Greenberg J, Pyszczynski T (2002) The Scrooge effect: Evidence that mortality salience increases prosocial attitudes and behavior. Perspect. Soc. Psych. Bull. 28(10):1342–1353.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Joseph S, Williams R, Yule W (1993) Changes in outlook following disaster: The preliminary development of a measure to assess positive and negative responses. J. Trauma Stress 6(2):271–279.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kacperczyk A (2009) With greater power comes greater responsibility? Takeover protection and corporate attention to stakeholders. Strategic Management J. 30(3):261–285.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kahneman D (2011) Thinking, Fast and Slow (Farrar Straus & Giroux, New York).Google Scholar
• Kang C, Germann F, Grewal R (2016) Washing away your sins? Corporate social responsibility, corporate social irresponsibility, and firm performance. J. Marketing 80(March):59–79.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kashdan TB, Kane JQ (2011) Post-traumatic distress and the presence of post-traumatic growth and meaning in life: Experiential avoidance as a moderator. Perspect. Individual Differences 50:84–89.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kivimäki M, Vahtera J, Elovainio M, Lillrank B, Kevin MV (2002) Death or illness of a family member, violence, interpersonal conflict, and financial difficulties as predictors of sickness absence: Longitudinal cohort study on psychological and behavioral links. Psychosomatic Medicine 64:817–825.Google Scholar
• Koetter M, Kolari JW, Spierdijk L (2012) Enjoying the quiet life under deregulation? Evidence from adjusted Lerner indices for U.S. banks. Rev. Econom. Statist. 94(2):462–480.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kotre J (1984) Outliving the Self: Generativity and the Interpretation of Lives (John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore).Google Scholar
• Kübler-Ross E (1969) On Death and Dying (Macmillan, New York).Google Scholar
• Lehrman S (1956) Reactions to untimely death. Psychiatry Quart. 30(1–4):564–578.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lerner JS, Li Y, Weber EU (2013) The financial costs of sadness. Psych. Sci. 24(1):72–79.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lester D (1967) Experimental and correlational studies of the fear of death. Psych. Bull. 67(1):27–36.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Levitt SD (2006) White-collar crime writ small: A case study of bagels, donuts, and the honor system. Amer. Econom. Rev. 96(2):290–294.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lins KV, Servaes H, Tamayo A (2017) Social capital, trust, and firm performance: The value of corporate social responsibility during the financial crisis. J. Finance 72(4):1785–1824.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lundin T (1984) Morbidity following sudden and unexpected bereavement. British J. Psychiatry 144(1):84–88.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mannor MJ, Wowak AJ, Bartkus VO, Gomez-Mejia LR (2016) Heavy lies the crown? How job anxiety affects top executive decision making in gain and loss contexts. Strategic Management J. 37(9):1968–1989.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mattingly JE, Berman SL (2006) Measurement of corporate social action: Discovering taxonomy in the Kinder Lyndenburg Domini ratings data. Bus. Soc. 45(1):20–46.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McAdams DP, de St. Aubin E (1998) A theory of generativity and its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative themes in autobiography. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 62(6):1003–1015.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Meagher DK, Balk DE, eds. (2013) Handbook of Thanatology, 2nd ed. (Routledge, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Meyer AD (1982) Adapting to environmental jolts. Admin. Sci. Quart. 27(4):515–537.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Meyersburg CA, McNally RJ (2011) Reduced death distress and greater meaning in life among individuals reporting past life memory. Perspect. Individual Differences 50:1218–1221.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Miller D (1993) Some organizational consequences of CEO succession. Acad. Management J. 36(3):644–659.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Miller D, Shamsie J (2001) Learning across the life cycle: Experimentation and performance among the Hollywood studio heads. Strategic Management J. 22(8):725–745.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nguyen BD, Nielsen KM (2010) The value of independent directors: Evidence from sudden deaths. J. Financial Econom. 98(3):550–567.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Niemeijer MN, van den Berg ME, Leening MJG, Hoffman A, Franco OH, Deckers JW, Heeringa J, Rijnbeek PR, Stricker BH, Eijgelsheim M (2015) Declining incidence of sudden cardiac death from 1990-2010 in a general middle-aged and elderly population: The Rotterdam Study. Heart Rhythm 12(1):123–129.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Oettl A (2012) Reconceptualizing stars: Scientist helpfulness and peer performance. Management Sci. 58(6):1122–1140.Link, Google Scholar
• O’Regan K, Oster SM (2005) Does the structure and composition of the board matter? The case of nonprofit organizations. J. Law Econom. Organ. 21:205–227.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Parachuri S, Ingram P (2012) Appetite for destruction: The impact of the September 11 attacks on business founding. Indust. Corporate Change 21(1):127–149.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Park J (2018) “We are advertis’d by our loving friends”: CEO-director connections. Working paper, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.Google Scholar
• Peterson BE, Stewart AJ (1996) Antecedents and contexts of generativity motivation at midlife. Psych. Aging 11(1):21–33.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Petrenko O, Aime F, Ridge J, Hill A (2016) Corporate social responsibility or CEO narcissism? CSR motivations and organizational performance. Strategic Management J. 37(2):262–279.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pettigrew A (1992) On studying managerial elites. Strategic Management J. 13(Winter Special Issue):163–182.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pierce L, Snow D, McAfee A (2017) Decreased prosociality in restaurants following mass shootings in America. Working paper, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.Google Scholar
• Pugliese A, Bezemer PJ, Zattoni A, Huse M, Van den Bosch AJ, Volberda HW (2009) Boards of directors’ contribution to strategy: A literature review and research agenda. Corporate Governance Internat. Rev. 17(3):292–306.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pyszczynski T, Greenberg J, Solomon S (1999) A dual-process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: An extension of terror management theory. Psych. Rev. 106(4):835–845.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Quigley TJ, Crossland C, Campbell RJ (2017) Shareholder perceptions of the changing impact of CEOs: Market reactions to unexpected CEO deaths, 1950-2009. Strategic Management J. 38(4):939–949.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rendon J (2015) Upside: The New Science of Post-Traumatic Growth (Touchstone, New York).Google Scholar
• Resick CJ, Whitman DS, Weingarden SM, Hiller NJ (2009) The bright-side and the dark-side of CEO personality: Examining core self-evaluations, narcissism, transformational leadership, and strategic influence. J. Appl. Psych. 94(6):1365–1381.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rhoades SA, Rutz RD (1982) Market power and firm risk: A test of the ‘quiet life’ hypothesis. J. Monetary Econom. 9:73–85.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rips LJ, Smith EE, Medin DL (2012) Concepts and categories: Memory, meaning, and metaphysics. Holyoak KJ, Morrison RG, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning (Oxford University Press, New York), 177–209.Google Scholar
• Ross L, Nisbett RE (1991) The Person and the Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology (McGraw-Hill, New York).Google Scholar
• Ryan AM, Kontopantelis E, Linden A, Burgess JF (2018) Now trending: Coping with non-parallel trends in difference-in-differences analysis. Statist. Methods Medicine Res., ePub ahead of print November 25, https://doi.org/10.1177/0962280218814570.Google Scholar
• Schwartzberg SS, Janoff-Bulman R (1991) Grief and the search for meaning: Exploring the assumptive worlds of bereaved college students. J. Soc. Clinical Psych. 10(3):270–288.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shen W, Cannella AA (2002) Revisiting the performance consequences of CEO succession: The impacts of successor type, postsuccession senior executive turnover, and departing CEO tenure. Acad. Management J. 45(4):717–733.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shi W, Hoskisson RE, Zhang YA (2017) Independent director death and CEO acquisitiveness: Build an empire or pursue a quiet life? Strategic Management J. 38(3):780–792.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shropshire C (2010) The role of the interlocking director and board receptivity in the diffusion of practices. Acad. Management Rev. 35(2):246–264.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Siebert DT (2013) Mortality’s Muse: The Fine Art of Dying (University of Delaware Press, Wilmington).Google Scholar
• Siflinger B (2017) The effects of widowhood on mental health: An analysis of anticipation patterns surrounding the death of a spouse. Health Econom. 26:1505–1523.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Singh J, Agrawal A (2011) Recruiting for ideas: How firms exploit the prior inventions of new hires. Management Sci. 57(1):129–150.Link, Google Scholar
• Sluss DM, Ashforth BA (2007) Relational identity and identification: Defining ourselves through work relationships. Acad. Management Rev. 32(1):9–32.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Steg PG, Ducrocq G (2016) Future of the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease. Circulation J. 80:1067–1072.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG (1995) Trauma and Transformation: Growing in the Aftermath of Suffering (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG (2004) Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psych. Inquiry 15(1):1–18.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Teksten EL, Moser SB, Elbert DJ (2005) Boards of directors for small businesses and small private corporations: The changing role, duties, and expectations. Management Res. News 28(7):50–68.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Thomas DA (1990) The impact of race on managers’ experiences of developmental relationships. J. Organ. Behav. 11(6):479–492.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tversky A (1977) Features of similarity. Psych. Rev. 84(4):327–352.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Voors MJ, Nillesen EEM, Verwimp P, Bulte EH, Lensink R, Van Soest DP (2012) Violent conflict and behavior: A field experiment in Burundi. Amer. Econom. Rev. 102(2):941–964.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wang G, Holmes RM, Oh I-S, Zhu W (2016) Do CEOs matter to firm strategic actions and firm performance? A meta-analytic investigation based on upper echelons theory. Personality Psych. 69(4):775–862.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wang H, Choi J (2013) A new look at the corporate social responsibility-financial performance relationship: The moderating roles of temporal and interdomain consistency in corporate social performance. J. Management 39(2):416–441.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wangrow DB, Schepker DJ, Barker VL (2015) Managerial discretion: An empirical review and focus on future research directions. J. Management 41(1):99–135.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wiersema MF, Bantel KA (1992) Top management team demography and corporate strategic change. Acad. Management J. 35(1):91–121.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wrzesniewski A, McCauley CR, Rozin P, Schwartz B (1997) Jobs, careers, and callings: People’s relations to their work. J. Res. Perspect. 31(1):21–33.Google Scholar
• Yalom ID (2008) Staring at the sun: Overcoming the terror of death. Humanist Psych. 36(3):283–297.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Younge KA, Tong TW, Fleming L (2015) How anticipated employee mobility affects acquisition likelihood: Evidence from a natural experiment. Strategic Management J. 36(5):686–708.Crossref, Google Scholar