Follow My Lead: Assertive Cheap Talk and the Gender Gap

References

• Abel M (2019) Do workers discriminate against female bosses? Economics Department, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT. Accessed July 13, 2018, https://www.dropbox.com/s/nnq7i69em0g4edm/Abel_2019_Gender%20Discrimination%20Managers.pdf.Google Scholar
• Alston M (2019) The (perceived) cost of being female: An experimental investigation of strategic responses to discrimination. Department of Economics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Accessed November 21, 2019, https://www.dropbox.com/s/dhr3l67ksvz7mvk/Alston%20JMP.pdf?dl=0h.Google Scholar
• Amanatullah ET, Morris MW (2010) Negotiating gender roles: Gender differences in assertive negotiating are mediated by women’s fear of backlash and attenuated when negotiating on behalf of others. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 98(2):256–267.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Anderson ML (2008) Multiple inference and gender differences in the effects of early intervention: A reevaluation of the Abecedarian, Perry Preschool, and Early Training projects. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 103(484):1481–1495.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ayalew S, Manian S, Sheth K (2019) Discrimination from below: Experimental evidence from Ethiopia. Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia. Accessed December 3, 2020, https://s3.wp.wsu.edu/uploads/sites/1679/2020/12/Discrimination_From_Below_JDE.pdf.Google Scholar
• Babcock L, Laschever S, Gelfand M, Small D (2003) Nice girls don’t ask. Harvard Bus. Rev. 81(10):14–16.Google Scholar
• Bertrand M, Duflo E (2017) Field experiments on discrimination. Vinayak Banerjee A, Duflo E, eds. Handbook of Economic Field Experiments (North-Holland, Amsterdam), 309–393.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bohren JA, Imas A, Rosenberg M (2019) The dynamics of discrimination: Theory and evidence. Amer. Econom. Rev. 109(10):3395–3436.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bonaccio S, Dalal RS (2006) Advice taking and decision-making: An integrative literature review, and implications for the organizational sciences. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 101(2):127–151.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Boring A (2017) Gender biases in student evaluations of teaching. J. Public Econom. 145(January 2017):27–41.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Buhrmester M, Kwang T, Gosling SD (2011) Amazon’s Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high quality, data? Perspect. Psych. Sci. 6(1):3–5.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Casciaro T, Lobo MS (2008) When competence is irrelevant: The role of interpersonal affect in task-related ties. Admin. Sci. Q. 53(4):655–684.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chakraborty P, Serra D (2019) Gender differences in top leadership roles: Does worker backlash matter? Southern Methodist University, http://people.tamu.edu/ dserra/ChakrabortySerraLeadershipFeb2019.pdf.Google Scholar
• Charness G, Rustichini A, van de Ven J (2018) Self-confidence and strategic behavior. Experiment. Econom. 21(1):72–98.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cooper DJ, Kagel JH (2005) Are two heads better than one? Team versus individual play in signaling games. Amer. Econom. Rev. 95(3):477–509.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cooper DJ, Kagel JH (2016) A failure to communicate: an experimental investigation of the effects of advice on strategic play. Eur. Econom. Rev. 82(February 2016):24–45.Crossref, Google Scholar
• DellaVigna S, Pope D (2018) Predicting experimental results: Who knows what? J. Political Econom. 126(6):2410–2456.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Eagly AH (2013) Women as leaders: Leadership style versus leaders’ values and attitudes. Gender and Work: Challenging Conventional Wisdom (Harvard Business School Press), https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/conferences/2013-w50-research-/Pages/default.aspx.Google Scholar
• Eagly AH, Karau SJ (2002) Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psych. Rev. 109(3):573–598.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Egan ML, Matvos G, Seru A (2017) When Harry fired Sally: The double standard in punishing misconduct. Preprint, submitted March 1, https://www.nber.org/papers/w23242.Google Scholar
• Exley CL, KesslerJB (2019) The gender gap in self-promotion. Preprint, submitted September 27, https://www.nber.org/papers/w26345.Google Scholar
• Grossman PJ, Eckel C, Komai M, Zhan W (2019) It pays to be a man: Rewards for leaders in a coordination game. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 161:197–215.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hengel E (2019) Publishing while female: Are women held to higher standards? Evidence from peer review. http://www.erinhengel.com/research/publishing_female.pdf.Google Scholar
• Hoffmann DE, Tarzian AJ (2001) The girl who cried pain: A bias against women in the treatment of pain. J. Law Medicine Ethics 28(4_suppl):13–27.Google Scholar
• Horton J, Rand DG, Zeckhauser RJ (2011) The online laboratory: Conducting experiments in a real labor market. Experiment. Econom. 14(3):399–425.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Landsman R (2018) Gender differences in executive departure. Bucknell University, Landsman. December 3, 2020. https://economicsdept.blogs.bucknell.edu/files/2019/11/Exec_Departure.pdf. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4Gus2bxOyznZXM3TVlfTzZ2TWM/view.Google Scholar
• Libby H (2016) 3 things women say that weaken the power of their words. Upworthy (July 30), https://www.upworthy.com/3-things-women-say-that-weaken-the-power-of-their-words.Google Scholar
• McIntosh P (1988) White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack.Google Scholar
• Mengel F, Sauermann J, Zölitz U (2018) Gender bias in teaching evaluations. J. Eur. Econom. Assoc. 17(2):535–566.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Moss-Racusin CA, Phelan JE, Rudman LA (2010) When men break the gender rules: Status incongruity and backlash against modest men. Psych. Men Masculinity 11(2):140–151.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Neumark D (2018) Experimental research on labor market discrimination. J. Econom. Literature 56(3):799–866.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Paolacci G, Chandler J, Ipeirotis PG (2010) Running experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Judgment Decision Making 5(5):411–419.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Phelan JE, Rudman LA (2010) Prejudice toward female leaders: Backlash effects and women’s impression management dilemma. Soc. Personality Psych. Compassion 4(10):807–820.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rudman LA, Glick P (2016) Feminized management and backlash toward agentic women: The hidden costs to women of a kinder, gentler image of middle managers. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 77(5):1004–1010. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1004.Google Scholar
• Rudman LA, Phelan JE (2008) Backlash effects for disconfirming gender stereotypes in organizations. Res. Organ. Behav. 28(2008):61–79.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sarsons H (2017) Interpreting signals in the labor market: Evidence from medical referrals. University of Chicago, Chicago. Accessed December 3, 2020, https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/sarsons/files/sarsons_jmp.pdf.Google Scholar
• Schotter A (2003) Decision making with naive advice. Amer. Econom. Rev. 93(2):196–201.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Solnit R (2008) Men explain things to me: Facts didn’t get in their way. Accessed April 30, 2019, http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/174918/tomgram%3A_rebecca_solnit%2C_the_archipelago_of_arrogance.Google Scholar
• Williams MJ, Tiedens LZ (2016) The subtle suspension of backlash: A meta-analysis of penalties for women’s implicit and explicit dominance behavior. Psych. Bull. 142(2):165–197.Crossref, Google Scholar