Childcare Matters: Female Business Owners and the Baby-Profit Gap

References

• Anderson SJ, Chandy R, Zia B (2018) Pathways to profits: The impact of marketing vs. finance skills on business performance. Management Sci. 64(12):5559–5583.Link, Google Scholar
• Anderson ET, Fitzsimons GJ, Simester D (2006) Measuring and mitigating the costs of stockouts. Management Sci. 52(11):1751–1763.Link, Google Scholar
• Anttila-Hughes JK, Fernald LCH, Gertler PJ, Krause P, Wydick B (2018) Mortality from Nestlé’s marketing of infant formula in low and middle-income countries. NBER Working Paper 24452, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
• Babbitt LG, Brown D, Mazaheri N (2015) Gender, entrepreneurship, and the formal–informal dilemma: Evidence from Indonesia. World Dev. 72:163–174.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Baird JK (2005) Effectiveness of antimalarial drugs. N. Engl. J. Med. 352(15):1565–1577.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bandiera O, Buehren N, Burgess R, Goldstein M, Gulesci S, Rasul I, Sulaiman M (2020) Women’s empowerment in action: Evidence from a randomized control trial in Africa. Amer. Econom. J. Appl. Econom. 12(1):210–259.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Berge LIO, Bjorvatn K, Tungodden B (2015) Human and financial capital for microenterprise development: Evidence from a field and lab experiment. Management Sci. 61(4):707–722.Link, Google Scholar
• Bernhardt A, Field E, Pande R, Rigol N (2019) Household matters: Revisiting the returns to capital among female microentrepreneurs. Amer. Econom. Rev. Insights. 1(2):141–160.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Budig MJ, Hodges MJ (2010) Differences in disadvantage: Variation in the motherhood penalty across white women’s earnings distribution. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 75(5):705–728.Google Scholar
• Correll SJ, Benard S, Paik I (2007) Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty? Amer. J. Sociol. 112(5):1297–1338.Crossref, Google Scholar
• De Mel S, McKenzie DJ, Woodruff C (2009a) Measuring microenterprise profits: Must we ask how the sausage is made? J. Dev. Econom. 88(1):19–31.Crossref, Google Scholar
• De Mel S, McKenzie D, Woodruff C (2009b) Are women more credit constrained? Experimental evidence on gender and microenterprise returns. Amer. Econom. J. Appl. Econom. 1(3):1–32.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Delecourt S, Ng O (2020) Does gender matter for small business performance? Experimental evidence from India. Working paper, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.Google Scholar
• Doering LB, Liu CC (2019) From the ground up: Gender, space, and self-employment in a Colombian housing project. Sociol. Dev. 5(2):198–224.Google Scholar
• Doering L, Thébaud S (2017) The effects of gendered occupational roles on men’s and women’s workplace authority: Evidence from microfinance. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 82(3):542–567.Crossref, Google Scholar
• England P, Bearak J, Budig MJ, Hodges MJ (2016) Do highly paid, highly skilled women experience the largest motherhood penalty? Amer. Sociol. Rev. 81(6):1161–1189.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fafchamps M, McKenzie D, Quinn S, Woodruff C (2014) Microenterprise growth and the flypaper effect: Evidence from a randomized experiment in Ghana. J. Dev. Econom. 106:211–226.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fiala N (2018) Returns to microcredit, cash grants and training for male and female microentrepreneurs in Uganda. World Dev. 105:189–200.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick A (2020) When patients diagnose: The effect of patient beliefs and information on provider behavior. Econom. Dev. Cultural Change 69(1):51–72.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fitzsimons GJ (2000) Consumer response to stockouts. J. Consum. Res. 27(2):249–266.Crossref, Google Scholar
• FSD Africa, FSD Uganda, Nathan Associates London Ltd., TNS East Africa (2015) National small business survey of Uganda. Technical report, FSD Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.Google Scholar
• Guzman J, Kacperczyk AO (2019) Gender gap in entrepreneurship. Res. Policy 48(7):1666–1680.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hardy M, Kagy G (2018) Mind the (profit) gap: Why are female enterprise owners earning less than men? AEA Papers Proc. 108:252–255.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jayachandran S (2015) The roots of gender inequality in developing countries. Economics 7(1):63–88.Google Scholar
• Jayachandran S (2020) Social norms as a barrier to women’s employment in developing countries. NBER Working Paper 27449, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
• Karimli L, Samman E, Rost L, Kidder T (2016) Factors and norms influencing unpaid care work: Household survey evidence from five rural communities in Colombia, Ethiopia, the Philippines, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Report, Women’s Economic Empowerment and Care, Oxfam, Nairobi, Kenya.Google Scholar
• Kelly EL, Moen P, Oakes JM, Fan W, Okechukwu C, Davis KD, Hammer LB, et al.. (2014) Changing work and work-family conflict: Evidence from the work, family, and health network. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 79(3):485–516.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Leibbrandt A, List JA (2014) Do women avoid salary negotiations? Evidence from a large-scale natural field experiment. Management Sci. 61(9):2016–2024.Link, Google Scholar
• Lundberg SJ, Pollak RA, Wales TJ (1997) Do husbands and wives pool their resources? Evidence from the United Kingdom child benefit. J. Hum. Resour. 32(3):463–480.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McKenzie D, Woodruff C (2017) Business practices in small firms in developing countries. Management Sci. 63(9):2967–2981.Link, Google Scholar
• Nix E, Gamberoni E, Heath R (2015) Bridging the gender gap: Identifying what is holding self-employed women back in Ghana, Rwanda, Tanzania, and the Republic of Congo. World Bank Econom. Rev. 30(3):501–521.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Oster E (2019) Unobservable selection and coefficient stability: Theory and evidence. J. Bus. Econom. Statist. 37(2):187–204.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Petersen T, Morgan LA (1995) Separate and unequal: Occupation-establishment sex segregation and the gender wage gap. Amer. J. Sociol. 101(2):329–365.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ranganathan A, Pedulla DS (2020) Work-family programs and non-work networks: Within-group inequality, network activation, and labor market attachment. Organ. Sci., ePub ahead of print October 5, https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2020.1391.Google Scholar
• Sayer LC, Bianchi SM, Robinson JP (2004) Are parents investing less in children? Trends in mothers’ and fathers’ time with children. Amer. J. Sociol. 110(1):1–43.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Schary PB, Christopher M (1979) Anatomy of a stock-out. J. Retailing 55(2):59–70.Google Scholar
• Sherman EL (2020) Discretionary remote working helps mothers without harming non-mothers: Evidence from a field experiment. Management Sci. 66(3):1351–1374.Link, Google Scholar
• Thébaud S (2015) Business as plan B: Institutional foundations of gender inequality in entrepreneurship across 24 industrialized countries. Admin. Sci. Quart. 60(4):671–711.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Uganda Bureau of Statistics, ICF (2016) Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Report, Uganda Bureau of Statistics, Kampala, Uganda, and ICF, Rockville, MD.Google Scholar
• World Bank (2012) World development report 2012: Gender equality and development. Report, World Bank Group, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
• World Bank (2018) World development indicators 2018. Report, World Bank Publications, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
• World Bank (2020a) Enterprise Surveys (World Bank, Washington, DC).Crossref, Google Scholar
• World Bank (2020b) Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Finance (The World Bank, Washington, DC).Google Scholar