Missing Women in Tech: The Labor Market for Highly Skilled Software Engineers
Published Online:16 Sep 2021https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.4077
References
- (2019) An experiment in hiring discrimination via online social networks. Management Sci. 66(3):1005–1024.Link, Google Scholar
- (1977) Statistical theories of discrimination in labor markets. Indust. Labor Relat. Rev.Google Scholar
- (1974) Income, experience, and the structure of internal labor markets. Quart. J. Econom. 88(1):63–85.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2001) Employer learning and statistical discrimination. Quart. J. Econom. 116(1):313–350.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1973) The theory of discrimination. Ashenfelter O, Rees A, eds. Discrimination in Labor Markets (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).Google Scholar
- (2001) Wiring the labor market. J. Econom. Perspect. 15(1):25–40.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2003) Women Don’t Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2015) Unintended effects of anonymous résumés. Amer. Econom. J. Appl. Econom. 7(3):1–27.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2004) Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. Amer. Econom. Rev. 94(4):991–1013.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1990) Gender differences in the accuracy of self-evaluations of performance. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 59(5):960–970.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2003) Gender differences in computer science students. Proc. 34th SIGCSE Tech. Sympos. Comput. Sci. Ed. (ACM, New York), 49–53.Google Scholar
- (1996) International differences in male wage inequality: Institutions vs. market forces. J. Political Econom. 104(4):791–837.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2016) What Works: Gender Equality by Design (Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2017) The dynamics of discrimination: Evidence from a natural field experiment. Amer. Econom. Rev. 109(10):3395–3436.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2014) Impact of developer reputation on code review outcomes in OSS projects: An empirical investigation. Proc. 8th ACM/IEEE Internat. Sympos. Empirical Software Engrg. Measurement (Association for Computing Machinery, New York), 1–10.Google Scholar
- (2017) Leaning out: How negative recruitment experiences shape women’s decisions to compete for executive roles. Admin. Sci. Quart. 62(3):405–442.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1994) Biodata phenomenology: Recruiters’ perceptions and use of biographical information in resume screening. J. Appl. Psych. 79(6):897–908.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2017) A preliminary analysis on the effects of propensity to trust in distributed software development. Proc. 12th Internat. Conf. Global Software Engrg. (IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ), 56–60.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2007) Recruiters’ perceptions and use of applicant résumé information: Screening the recent graduate. Appl. Psych. 56(2):319–343.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2001) Gender and the career choice process: The role of biased self-assessments. Amer. J. Sociol. 106(6):1691–1730.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2004) Constraints into preferences: Gender, status, and emerging career aspirations. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 69(1):93–113.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2009) Gender differences in preferences. J. Econom. Literature 47(2):448–474.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Skill requirements across firms and labor markets: Evidence from job postings for professionals. J. Labor Econom. 36(S1):S337–S369.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2009) Unpacking prior experience: How career history affects job performance. Organ. Sci. 20(1):51–68.Link, Google Scholar
- (2012) Detecting discrimination in the hiring process: Evidence from an internet-based search channel. Empirical Econom. 43(2):537–563.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2019) The gender gap in self-promotion. Working Paper No. 2019-058, Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Global Working Group, Chicago.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2017) Gender sorting and the glass ceiling in high-tech firms. ILR Rev. 70(1):73–104.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2008) Competing for jobs: Labor queues and gender sorting in the hiring process. Soc. Sci. Res. 37(4):1061–1080.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2005) 1Gendering the job: Networks and recruitment at a call center. Amer. J. Sociol. 111(3):859–904.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2015) Do competitive workplaces deter female workers? A large-scale natural field experiment on job entry decisions. Rev. Econom. Stud. 82(1):122–155.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2014) Leaning in, but getting pushed back (and out). Presentation, Annual Convention, August 7–10, 2014 (American Psychological Association, Washington DC), 1–39. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2014/08/pushed-back.pdf.Google Scholar
- (2007) Belief flipping in a dynamic model of statistical discrimination. J. Public Econom. 91(5):1151–1166.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2004) Changing patterns in IT skill sets 1988-2003: A content analysis of classified advertising. ACM SIGMIS Database: DATABASE Adv. Inform. Systems 35(3):64–87.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) The more you know: Information effects on job application rates in a large field experiment. Management Sci.65(5):2077–2094.Google Scholar
- (1984) Reverse regression and salary discrimination. J. Human Resources 19(3):293.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2000) Orchestrating impartiality: The impact of “blind” auditions on female musicians. Amer. Econom. Rev. 90(4):715–741.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2014) A data set for pull-based development research. Proc. 11th Working Conf. Mining Software Repositories (Association for Computing Machinery, New York), 368–371.Google Scholar
- (2015) Work practices and challenges in pull-based development: The integrator’s perspective. Proc. 37th Internat. Conf. Software Engrg. vol. 1 (IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ), 358–368.Google Scholar
- (2014) Python is now the most popular introductory teaching language at Top U.S. Universities. Communications of the ACM (July 7), https://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm/176450-python-is-now-the-most-popular-introductory-teaching-language-at-top-u-s-universities/fulltext?mobile=false.Google Scholar
- (1992) The Urban Institute audit studies: Their methods and findings. Fix M, Struyk R, eds. Clear and Convincing Evidence: Measurement of Discrimination in America (The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC), 187–258.Google Scholar
- (2015) Why do women leave science and engineering? ILR Rev. 69(1):199–226.Google Scholar
- (2015) Are recent cohorts of women with engineering bachelors less likely to stay in engineering? Frontiers Psych. 6:1144.Google Scholar
- (2008) Analysis of skills requirement for entry-level programmer/analysts in Fortune 500 corporations. J. Inform. Systems Ed. 19(1):17.Google Scholar
- (2019) Does code quality affect pull request acceptance? An empirical study. Preprint, submitted August 25, https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.09321.Google Scholar
- (2004) The paradox of soft skills vs. technical skills in IS hiring. J. Comput. Inform. Systems 45(1):69–76.Google Scholar
- (1983) Private discrimination and social intervention in competitive labor market. Amer. Econom. Rev. 73(3):340–347.Google Scholar
- (1980) Preferential treatment in preselection decisions according to sex and race. Acad. Management J. 23(4):738–749.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1980) Experience, performance, and earnings. Quart. J. Econom. 95(4):703–736.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1974) Schooling, Experience, and Earnings (Human Behavior and Social Institutions No. 2 (National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
- (2017) An analysis of introductory programming courses at UK universities. Art Sci. Engrg. Programming 1(2):18.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1996) The role of premarket factors in black-white wage differences. J. Political Econom. 104(5):869–895.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2007) Do women shy away from competition? Do men compete too much?. Quart J. Econom. 122(3):1067–1101.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2012) How costly is diversity? Affirmative action in light of gender differences in competitiveness. Management Sci. 59(1):1–16.Link, Google Scholar
- (2007) The effects of age and family constraints on gender hiring discrimination: A field experiment in the French financial sector. Labour Econom. 14(3):371–391.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2001) Measuring skill: A multi-dimensional index. Econom. Lett. 72(1):27–32.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2014) How stereotypes impair women’s careers in science. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111(12):4403–4408.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2002) Field experiments of discrimination in the market place. Econom. J. 112(483):F480–F518.Google Scholar
- (2019) SWE research update: Women in engineering by the numbers. Report, Society of Women Engineers, Chicago.Google Scholar
- (1997) Experienced hiring vs. college recruiting: Practices and emerging trends. Personnel Psych. 50(2):309–339.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2019) Gender differences in job entry decisions: A university-wide field experiment. Management Sci. 65(7):3272–3281.Link, Google Scholar
- Smith BN, Singh M, Torvik VI (2013) A search engine approach to estimating temporal changes in gender orientation of first names. Proc. 13th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conf. Digital Libraries (JCDL ’13) (Association for Computing Machinery, New York), 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1145/2467696.2467720.Google Scholar
- (1973) Job market signaling. Quart. J. Econom. 87(3):355–374.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2017) Paying to program? Engineering brand and high-tech wages. Management Sci. 66(7):3010–3028.Link, Google Scholar
- (2017) Gender differences and bias in open source: Pull request acceptance of women vs. men. PeerJ Comput. Sci. 3:e111.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1995) The evolution of IS job skills: A content analysis of IS job advertisements from 1970 to 1990. MIS Quart. 19(1):1–27.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2005) Constructed criteria: Redefining merit to justify discrimination. Psych. Sci. 16(6):474–480.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2012) Alternative sources of information and the selection decision making process. J. Behav. Appl. Management 13(2):108–120.Google Scholar
- (2016) Reviewer recommendation for pull-requests in GitHub: What can we learn from code review and bug assignment? Inform. Software Tech. 74:204–218.Crossref, Google Scholar

