Separated by a Common Language: How the Nature of Code Differences Shapes Communication Success and Code Convergence

References

• Abrams LC, Cross R, Lesser E, Levin DZ (2003) Nurturing interpersonal trust in knowledge-sharing networks. Acad. Management Perspective 17(4):64–77.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Argiento R, Pemantle R, Skyrms B, Volkov S (2009) Learning to signal: Analysis of a micro-level reinforcement model. Stochastic Processing Appl. 119(2):373–390.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Argote L (2013) Organizational Learning: Creating, Retaining and Transferring Knowledge, 2nd ed. (Springer, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Argote L, Lee S, Park J (2020) Organizational learning processes and outcomes: Major findings and future research directions. Management Sci., ePub ahead of print October 26, https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2020.3693.Google Scholar
• Argyres NS (1999) The impact of information technology on coordination: Evidence from the B-2 “stealth” bomber. Organ. Sci. 10:162–180.Link, Google Scholar
• Arrow KJ (1974) The Limits of Organization (WW Norton & Company).Google Scholar
• Ashforth BE, Humphrey RH (1997) The ubiquity and potency of labeling in organizations. Organ. Sci. 8(1):43–58.Link, Google Scholar
• Auer P (1999) From codeswitching via language mixing to fused lects: Toward a dynamic typology of bilingual speech. Internat. J. Bilingual 3(4):309–332.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Axley SR (1984) Managerial and organizational communication in terms of the conduit metaphor. Acad. Management Rev. 9(3):428–437.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Baldwin CY, Clark KB (2000) Design Rules: The Power of Modularity, vol. 1 (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Baronchelli A, Felici M, Loreto V, Caglioti E, Steels L (2006) Sharp transition toward shared vocabularies in multi-agent systems. J. Statist. Mechanics Theory Experiment. 6:P06014.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bechky BA (2003) Sharing meaning across occupational communities: The transformation of understanding on a production floor. Organ. Sci. 14(3):312–330.Link, Google Scholar
• Bechky BA (2006) Gaffers, gofers, and grips: Role-based coordination in temporary organizations. Organ. Sci. 17(1):3–21.Link, Google Scholar
• Becker HS (1993) How I learned what a crock was. J. Contemporary Ethnography 22(1):28–35.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bourhis RY, Giles H (1977) The language of intergroup distinctiveness. Language, Ethnicity Intergroup Relations 13:119.Google Scholar
• Brennan SE, Clark HH (1996) Conceptual pacts and lexical choice in conversation. J. Experiment. Psych. Learning Memory Cognitition 22(6):1482.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bucholtz M, Hall K (2004) Language and identity. A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology, vol. 1, 369–394.Google Scholar
• Bucholtz M, Hall K (2005) Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Stud. 7(4–5):585–614.Google Scholar
• Bush RR, Mosteller F (1955) Stochastic Models for Learning (John Wiley & Sons, Oxford, UK).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Carlile PR (2002) A pragmatic view of knowledge and boundaries: Boundary objects in new product development. Organ. Sci. 13(4):442–455.Link, Google Scholar
• Carlile PR (2004) Transferring, translating, and transforming: An integrative framework for managing knowledge across boundaries. Organ. Sci. 15(5):555–568.Link, Google Scholar
• Centola D, Baronchelli A (2015) The spontaneous emergence of conventions: An experimental study of cultural evolution. Proc. National Acad. Sci. USA 112(7):1989–1994.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chandler D (2017) Semiotics: The Basics (Taylor & Francis).Google Scholar
• Chatman JA, O’Reilly CA (2016) Paradigm lost: Reinvigorating the study of organizational culture. Res. Organ. Behav. 36:199–224.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Clark EV (1990) On the pragmatics of contrast. J. Child Language 17(2):417–431.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Clark HH (1996) Using Language (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Clark HH (1998) Communal lexicons. Malmjaer K, Williams J, eds. Context in Language Learning and Language Understanding, chapter 4 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK), 63–87.Google Scholar
• Clark HH, Wilkes-Gibbs D (1986) Referring as a collaborative process. Cognition 22(1):1–39.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cohen MD, Burkhart R, Dosi G, Egidi M, Marengo L, Warglien M, Winter S (1996) Routines and other recurring action patterns of organizations: Contemporary research issues. Indust. Corporate Change 5(3):653–698.Google Scholar
• Crémer J, Garicano L, Prat A (2007) Language and the theory of the firm. Quart. J. Econom. 122(1):373–407.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cronin MA, Weingart LR (2007) Representational gaps, information processing, and conflict in functionally diverse teams. Acad. Management Rev. 32(3):761–773.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cronin MA, Weingart LR (2019) Conflict across representational gaps: Threats to and opportunities for improved communication. Proc. National Acad. Sci. USA 116(16):7642–7649.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Crossley MJ, Ashby FG, Maddox WT (2013) Erasing the engram: The unlearning of procedural skills. J. Experiment. Psych. General 142(3):710–741.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Daft RL, Lengel RH (1986) Organizational information requirements, media richness and structural design. Management Sci. 32(5):554–571.Link, Google Scholar
• de Saussure F (1998) Nature of the linguistic sign. Richter DH, ed. The Critical Tradition: Classic Texts and Contemporary Trends (St. Martin’s Press, Boston), 832–835.Google Scholar
• de Vecchi D (2012) What do “they” mean by that? The (hidden) role of language in a merger. LSP J. 3(2):71–85.Google Scholar
• de Vylder B, Tuyls K (2006) How to reach linguistic consensus: A proof of convergence for the naming game. J. Theoretical Biology 242(4):818–831.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Domjan MP (2014) The Principles of Learning and Behavior (Cengage Learning).Google Scholar
• Dougherty D (1992) Interpretive barriers to successful product innovation in large firms. Organ. Sci. 3(2):179–202.Link, Google Scholar
• Dunn MB, Jones C (2010) Institutional logics and institutional pluralism: The contestation of care and science logics in medical education, 1967–2005. Admin. Sci. Quart. 55(1):114–149.Google Scholar
• Edwards PN, Mayernik MS, Batcheller AL, Bowker GC, Borgman CL (2011) Science friction: Data, metadata, and collaboration. Soc. Stud. Sci. 41(5):667–690.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Eisenberg EM (1984) Ambiguity as strategy in organizational communication. Comm. Monographs 51(3):227–242.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Erev I, Roth AE (1998) Predicting how people play games: Reinforcement learning in experimental games with unique, mixed strategy equilibria. Amer. Econom. Rev. 88(4):848–881.Google Scholar
• Estival D, Molesworth B (2011) Radio miscommunication: EL2 pilots in the Australian General Aviation environment. Linguistics Human Sci. 5(3):351–378.Google Scholar
• Fay N, Garrod S, Roberts L, Swoboda N (2010) The interactive evolution of human communication systems. Cognitive Sci. 34(3):351–386.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fine GA (1995) Wittgenstein’s kitchen: Sharing meaning in restaurant work. Theory Soc. 24(2):245–269.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fleck L (2012) Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).Google Scholar
• Franke M, Correia JP (2018) Vagueness and imprecise imitation in signalling games. British J. Philosophical Sci. 69(4):1037–1067.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Furnas GW, Landauer TK, Gomez LM, Dumais ST (1987) The vocabulary problem in human-system communication. Comm. ACM 30(11):964–971.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ganiyat IO, Soriyan HA, Ishaya GP (2013) Resolving semantic heterogeneity in healthcare: An ontology matching approach. J. Comput. Sci. Engrg. 17(2):28–34.Google Scholar
• Garicano L, Wu Y (2012) Knowledge, communication, and organizational capabilities. Organ. Sci. 23(5):1382–1397.Link, Google Scholar
• Garrod S, Doherty G (1994) Conversation, co-ordination and convention: An empirical investigation of how groups establish linguistic conventions. Cognition 53(3):181–215.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gavetti G, Warglien M (2015) A model of collective interpretation. Organ. Sci. 26(5):1263–1283.Link, Google Scholar
• Gibbons R, Henderson R (2012) Relational contracts and organizational capabilities. Organ. Sci. 23(5):1350–1364.Link, Google Scholar
• Gittins JC, Jones DM (1979) A dynamic allocation index for the discounted multiarmed bandit problem. Biometrika 66(3):561–565.Google Scholar
• Graebner ME, Heimeriks KH, Huy QN, Vaara E (2017) The process of postmerger integration: A review and agenda for future research. Acad. Management Ann. 11(1):1–32.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gulati R, Singh H (1998) The architecture of cooperation: Managing coordination costs and appropriation concerns in strategic alliances. Admin. Sci. Quart. 43(4):781–814.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gulati R, Oldroyd J, Puranam P (2008) Staring you in the face. Wall Street Journal, September 22. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122166552719948141.Google Scholar
• Gumperz JJ, Tannen D (1979) Individual and social differences in language use. Individual Differences in Language Ability and Language Behavior (Academic Press, New York), 305–325.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hall K, Nilep C (2015) Code-switching, identity, and globalization. Tannen D, Hamilton H, Schiffrin D, eds. Handbook of Discourse Analysis. 2nd ed. (Blackwell, Malden, MA), 597–619.Google Scholar
• Harzing AW, Feely AJ (2008) The language barrier and its implications for HQ-subsidiary relationships. Cross Cultural Management 15(1):49–61.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Harzing AW, Köster K, Magner U (2011) Babel in business: The language barrier and its solutions in the HQ-subsidiary relationship. J. World Bus. 46(3):279–287.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Haspeslagh P, Jemison DB (1991) Managing Acquisitions: Creating Value Through Corporate Renewal (The Free Press, New York).Google Scholar
• Hofbauer J, Huttegger SM (2008) Feasibility of communication in binary signaling games. J. Theoretical Biol. 254(4):843–849.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Howard JW III (2008) “Tower, am I cleared to land?”: Problematic communication in aviation discourse. Human Comm. Res. 34(3):370–391.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Huttegger S, Skyrms B, Tarres P, Wagner E (2014) Some dynamics of signaling games. Proc. National Acad. Sci. USA 111(Suppl 3):10873–10880.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jones RK (2003) Miscommunication between pilots and air traffic control. Language Problems Language Planning 27(3):233–248.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Koçak Ö, Warglien M (2020) When three’s a crowd: How relational structure and social history shape organizational codes in triads. J. Organization Design 9(1):1–27.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kogut B, Zander U (1996) What firm do? Coordination, identity, and learning. Organ. Sci. 7(5):502–518.Link, Google Scholar
• Komarova NL, Nowak MA (2001) The evolutionary dynamics of the lexical matrix. Bull. Math. Biology 63(3):451–484.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Korovyakovskaya I, Chong H (2015) An empirical study of the relationships between miscommunication and clashes in culturally diverse work groups. J. Internat. Bus. Res. 14(3):41.Google Scholar
• Kotha S, Srikanth K (2013) Managing a global partnership model: Lessons from the Boeing 787 ‘Dreamliner’ program. Global Strategy J. 3(1):41–66.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Krauss RM, Glucksberg S (1977) Social and nonsocial speech. Sci. Amer. 236(2):100–105.Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Nti KO (1998) Differential learning and interaction in alliance dynamics: A process and outcome discrepancy model. Organ. Sci. 9(3):356–367.Link, Google Scholar
• Langford J, Zhang T (2008) The epoch-greedy algorithm for multi-armed bandits with side information. Platt JC, Koller D, Singer Y, Roweis ST, eds. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20 (Curran Associates, Inc.), 817–824.Google Scholar
• Lave CA, March JG (1975) An Introduction to Models in the Social Sciences (Harper & Row, New York).Google Scholar
• Lewis D (1969) Convention: A Philosophical Study (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
• Loewenstein J, Ocasio W, Jones C (2012) Vocabularies and vocabulary structure: A new approach linking categories, practices, and institutions. Acad. Management Ann. 6(1):41–86.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lounamaa PH, March JG (1987) Adaptive coordination of a learning team. Management Sci. 33(1):107–123.Link, Google Scholar
• Luce DR (1959) Individual choice behavior. (Harper & Row, New York, NY)Google Scholar
• Luck R (2013) Articulating (mis) understanding across design discipline interfaces at a design team meeting. Artifical Intelligence Engrg. Design. Anal. Manufacturing 27(2):155–166.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ludwig D (2016) Overlapping ontologies and Indigenous knowledge. From integration to ontological self-determination. Stud. Hist. Philosophical Sci. 59:36–45.Crossref, Google Scholar
• MacDuffie JP (1997) The road to “root cause”: Shop-floor problem-solving at three auto assembly plants. Management Sci. 43(4):479–502.Link, Google Scholar
• March JG (1991) Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organ. Sci. 2(1):71–87.Google Scholar
• March JG, Simon HA (1958) Organizations (John Wiley and Sons, New York).Google Scholar
• Markman AB, Makin VS (1998) Referential communication and category acquisition. J. Experiment. Psych. General 127(4):331.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Monteverde K (1995) Technical dialog as an incentive for vertical integration in the semiconductor industry. Management Sci. 41(10):1624–1638.Link, Google Scholar
• Murphy GL (2002) The Big Book of Concepts (Bradford Books).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nahapiet J, Ghoshal S (1998) Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Acad. Manage. Rev. 23(2):242–266.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nilep, C. 2006. “Code switching” in sociocultural linguistics. Colorado research in linguistics, 19.Google Scholar
• Nowak MA, Plotkin JB, Krakauer DC (1999) The evolutionary language game. J. Theoretical Biol. 200(2):147–162.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Piezunka H, Dahlander L (2015) Distant search, narrow attention: How crowding alters organizations’ filtering of suggestions in crowdsourcing. Acad. Management J. 58(3):856–880.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Posen HE, Levinthal DA (2012) Chasing a moving target: Exploitation and exploration in dynamic environments. Management Sci. 58(3):587–601.Link, Google Scholar
• Pratt ML (1991) Arts of the contact zone. Profession 33–40.Google Scholar
• Puranam P, Swamy M (2016) How initial representations shape coupled learning processes. Organ. Sci. 27(2):323–335.Link, Google Scholar
• Puranam P, Stieglitz N, Osman M, Pillutla MM (2015) Modelling bounded rationality in organizations: Progress and prospects. Acad. Management Ann. 9(1):337–392.Google Scholar
• Quine WVO (1960) Word and Object (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
• Reagans R, Miron-Spektor E, Argote L (2016) Knowledge utilization, coordination, and team performance. Organ. Sci. 27(5):1108–1124.Link, Google Scholar
• Richie R, Yang C, Coppola M (2014) Modeling the emergence of lexicons in homesign systems. Topics Cognitive Sci. 6(1):183–195.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sanchez R, Mahoney JT (1996) Modularity, flexibility, and knowledge management in product and organization design. Strategic Management J. 17(S2):63–76.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Schein EH (2006) Organizational Culture and Leadership (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ).Google Scholar
• Selten R, Warglien M (2007) The emergence of simple languages in an experimental coordination game. Proc. National Acad. Sci. USA 104(18):7361–7366.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shanks DR (2010) Learning: From association to cognition. Annu. Rev. Psych. 61:273–301.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shannon CE, Weaver W (1949) The Mathematical Theory of Communication (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL).Google Scholar
• Shrivastava P (1986) Postmerger integration. J. Bus. Strategy 7(1):65–76.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Skyrms B (2004) The Stag Hunt and the Evolution of Social Structure (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).Google Scholar
• Skyrms B (2010) Signals: Evolution, Learning, and Information (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Smith K (2004) The evolution of vocabulary. J. Theoretical Biol. 228(1):127–142.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Snook SA (2002) Friendly Fire: The Accidental Shootdown of US Black Hawks Over Northern Iraq (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).Google Scholar
• Spike M, Stadler K, Kirby S, Smith K (2017) Minimal requirements for the emergence of learned signaling. Cognitive Sci. 41(3):623–658.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Srikanth K, Puranam P (2014) The firm as a coordination system: Evidence from software services offshoring. Organ. Sci. 25(4):1253–1271.Link, Google Scholar
• Srivastava SB, Goldberg A, Manian VG, Potts C (2017) Enculturation trajectories: Language, cultural adaptation, and individual outcomes in organizations. Management Sci. 64(3):1348–1364.Link, Google Scholar
• Steels L (1998) The origins of ontologies and communication conventions in multi-agent systems. Autonomous Agents Multi Agent Systems 1(2):169–194.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Steels L (2015) The Talking Heads Experiment: Origins of Words and Meanings, vol. 1 (Language Science Press).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Suddaby R (2010) Editor’s comments: Construct clarity in theories of management and organization. Acad. Management Rev. 35(3):346–357.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sutton RS, Barto AG (1998) Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
• Tria F, Servedio VD, Mufwene SS, Loreto V (2015) Modeling the emergence of contact languages. PLoS One 10(4):e0120771.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Triebel V (2009) Pitfalls of English as a contract language. Translation Issues in Language and Law (Palgrave Macmillan, London) 147–181.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tushman ML, Katz R (1980) External communication and project performance: An investigation into the role of gatekeepers. Management Sci. 26(11):1071–1085.Link, Google Scholar
• Van Maanen JE (1978) The asshole. Manning PK, Van Maanen J, eds. Policing: A View from the Street (Goodyear Publishing Company, Santa Monica, CA), 221–238.Google Scholar
• van Swol LM, Kane AA (2019) Language and group processes: An integrative, interdisciplinary review. Small Group Res. 50(1):3–38.Crossref, Google Scholar
• von Hippel E (1994) “Sticky information” and the locus of problem solving: Implications for innovation. Management Sci. 40(4):429–439.Link, Google Scholar
• Weber RA, Camerer CF (2003) Cultural clashes and merger failure: An experimental approach. Management Sci. 49(4):400–415.Link, Google Scholar
• Wernerfelt B (2004) Organizational languages. J. Econom. Management Strategy 13(3):461–472.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wittgenstein L (1953(2010)) Philosophical Investigations (John Wiley & Sons).Google Scholar
• Wixted JT (2004) The psychology and neuroscience of forgetting. Annual Rev. Psych, 55:235–269.Google Scholar
• Zander U, Kogut B (1995) Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation of organizational capabilities: An empirical test. Organ. Sci. 6(1):76–92.Link, Google Scholar