Delaying Informed Consent: An Empirical Investigation of Mobile Apps’ Upgrade Decisions
Published Online:2 Dec 2024https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.00334
References
- (2003) The economic costs of conflict: A case study of the Basque Country. Amer. Econom. Rev. 93(1):113–132.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2015) Organizational constraints to adaptation: Intrafirm asymmetry in the locus of coordination. Organ. Sci. 26(1):218–238.Link, Google Scholar
- (2022) When to be agile: Ratings and version updates in mobile apps. Management Sci. 68(6):4261–4278.Link, Google Scholar
- (2017) A comparative study of Android users’ privacy preferences under the runtime permission model. Tryfonas T, ed. Human Aspects Inform. Security Privacy Trust 5th Internat. Conf. Proc. (Springer, Cham, Switzerland), 604–622.Google Scholar
- (2017) Antecedents of information systems sourcing strategies in US hospitals: A longitudinal study. MIS Quart. 41(4):1129–1152.Crossref, Google Scholar
- AppsFlyer (2021) Average uninstall rate of mobile app categories in the United States in October 2020, by install type. Statista. Accessed April 12, 2024, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1278927/uninstall-rate-us-app-categories-by-install/.Google Scholar
- (2018) Information technology, repeated contracts, and the number of suppliers. Management Sci. 64(2):592–612.Link, Google Scholar
- (2020) The economic consequences of data privacy regulation: Empirical evidence from GDPR. NBER Working Paper No. 26900, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
- (2021) Synthetic difference-in-differences. Amer. Econom. Rev. 111(12):4088–4118.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2017) A tutorial on multilevel survival analysis: Methods, models and applications. Internat. Statist. Rev. 85(2):185–203.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2014) The use of bootstrapping when using propensity‐score matching without replacement: A simulation study. Statist. Med. 33(24):4306–4319.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2003) Outsourcing at will: The contribution of unjust dismissal doctrine to the growth of employment outsourcing. J. Labor Econom. 21(1):1–42.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Providing a safe and secure experience for our users. Accessed April 12, 2024, https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2018/10/providing-safe-and-secure-experience.html.Google Scholar
- (2004) How much should we trust differences-in-differences estimates? Quart. J. Econom. 119(1):249–275.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2023) The supply and demand for data privacy: Evidence from mobile apps. Preprint, submitted April 4, https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3987541.Google Scholar
- (2013) Three elements of a successful platform strategy. Harvard Bus. Rev. 92(1–2).Google Scholar
- (2007) Executive financial incentives and payout policy: Firm responses to the 2003 dividend tax cut. J. Finance 62(4):1935–1965.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2013) An empirical analysis of technical efficiency: The role of IT intensity and competition. Inform. Systems Res. 24(3):561–578.Link, Google Scholar
- (2023) The impact of Apple’s app tracking transparency framework on the app ecosystem. Preprint, submitted May 25, https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4453463.Google Scholar
- (2017) New Google algorithm downranks Android apps that crash your phone. Accessed April 12, 2024, https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/mobile/new-google-algorithm-downranks-android-apps-that-crash-your-phone/.Google Scholar
- (2019) Updates management in mobile applications: iTunes vs. Google Play. J. Econom. Management Strategy 28(3):392–419.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) The race for data: Utilizing informative or persuasive cues to gain opt-in? Preprint, submitted October 20, https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4250389.Google Scholar
- (2002) Propensity score-matching methods for nonexperimental causal studies. Rev. Econom. Statist. 84(1):151–161.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2023) Cost per install (CPI) rates (2023). Accessed November 5, 2023, https://www.businessofapps.com/ads/cpi/research/cost-per-install/Google Scholar
- (2013) How firms respond to mandatory information disclosure. Strategic Management J. 34(10):1209–1231.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2016) Data-driven software security: Models and methods. 2016 IEEE 29th Comput. Security Foundations Sympos. CSF (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ), 9–15.Google Scholar
- (2014) Does stock liquidity enhance or impede firm innovation? J. Finance 69(5):2085–2125.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) The true cost of freemium. Accessed April 12, 2024, https://www.cpomagazine.com/data-privacy/the-true-cost-of-freemium/.Google Scholar
- Financial Times (2021) Snap, Facebook, Twitter and YouTube lose nearly $10bn after iPhone privacy changes. Accessed April 12, 2024, https://www.ft.com/stream/d572dd54-5d95-4da2-8155-f4d58484ee3c.Google Scholar
- (2013) Seven types of privacy. Gutworth S, Leenes R, de Hert P, Poullet Y, eds. European Data Protection: Coming of Age (Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands), 3–32.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2009) Blockbuster culture’s next rise or fall: The impact of recommender systems on sales diversity. Management Sci. 55(5):697–712.Link, Google Scholar
- (2020) Interfirm exchange and innovation in platform ecosystems: Evidence from Apple’s Worldwide Developers Conference. Management Sci. 66(10):4772–4787.Link, Google Scholar
- (2018) Does platform owner’s entry crowd out innovation? Evidence from Google photos. Inform. Systems Res. 29(2):444–460.Link, Google Scholar
- Forbes (2023) Why mobile marketing is growing so fast. Accessed April 12, 2024, https://www.forbes.com/sites/theyec/2023/01/09/why-mobile-marketing-is-growing-so-fast/.Google Scholar
- (2016) Employment nondiscrimination acts and corporate innovation. Management Sci. 63(9):2982–2999.Link, Google Scholar
- (2013) Inferring app demand from publicly available data. MIS Quart. 37(4):1253–1264.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2014) Estimating demand for mobile applications in the new economy. Management Sci. 60(6):1470–1488.Link, Google Scholar
- (2011) Privacy regulation and online advertising. Management Sci. 57(1):57–71.Link, Google Scholar
- (2019) How advertisers learn which Android apps you use. Accessed April 12, 2024, https://usa.kaspersky.com/blog/android-device-identifiers/20040/.Google Scholar
- (2018) App permissions don’t tell us nearly enough about our apps. Wired (April 14), https://www.wired.com/story/app-permissions/.Google Scholar
- (2018) Firms quick to adopt EU data regs will have first-mover advantage. The Hill (May 25), https://thehill.com/opinion/cybersecurity/389405-firms-quick-to-adopt-eu-data-regs-will-have-first-mover-advantage.Google Scholar
- (2022) Technology fragmentation, platform investment, and complementary innovation. Preprint, submitted April 6, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4061870.Google Scholar
- (2018) Facebook is using your phone number to target ads and you can’t stop it. HowToGeek (September 28), https://www.howtogeek.com/367766/facebook-is-using-your-phone-number-to-target-ads-and-you-cant-stop-it/.Google Scholar
- (2016) Learning distributed representations of sentences from unlabelled data. Preprint, submitted February 10, https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.03483.Google Scholar
- (2016) Long-run impacts of childhood access to the safety net. Amer. Econom. Rev. 106(4):903–934.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2015) Apples and oranges: Detecting least-privilege violators with peer group analysis. Preprint, submitted October 25, https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.07308.Google Scholar
- (2022) GDPR and the lost generation of innovative apps. NBER Working Paper No. 30028, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
- (2021) The short-run effects of the general data protection regulation on technology venture investment. Marketing Sci. 40(4):661–684.Link, Google Scholar
- (2023) Privacy and market concentration: Intended and unintended consequences of the GDPR. Management Sci. 69(10):5695–5721.Link, Google Scholar
- (2016) Research note—Content and collaboration: An affiliation network approach to information quality in online peer production communities. Inform. Systems Res. 27(2):424–439.Link, Google Scholar
- (2000) Opening the “black box” of network externalities in network adoption. Inform. Systems Res. 11(1):61–82.Link, Google Scholar
- (2023) Privacy rights and data security: GDPR and personal data markets. Management Sci. 69(8):4389–4412.Link, Google Scholar
- Kellen (2016) Android distribution updated for April 2016: Marshmallow closes in on 5%. Droid Life (April 5), https://www.droid-life.com/2016/04/05/android-distribution-update-for-april-2016./Google Scholar
- (2023) The impact of Apple’s app tracking transparency on app monetization. Preprint, submitted August 8, https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4090786.Google Scholar
- (2024) Ban targeted advertising? An empirical investigation of the consequences for app development. Management Sci. 70(2):1070–1092.Link, Google Scholar
- (2016) Market transparency, adverse selection, and moral hazard. J. Polit. Econom. 124(6):1677–1713.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2019) Is my phone listening in? On the feasibility and detectability of mobile eavesdropping. IFIP Annu. Conf. Data Applications Security Privacy (Springer, Cham, Switzerland), 102–120.Google Scholar
- (2019) When private information settles the bill: Money and privacy in Google’s market for smartphone applications. Management Sci. 65(8):3470–3494.Link, Google Scholar
- Latto and Weeks (2021) App permissions on android & how to control them. Accessed April 12, 2024, https://www.avg.com/en/signal/guide-to-android-app-permissions-how-to-usethem-smartly.Google Scholar
- (2014) Distributed representations of sentences and documents. Internat. Conf. Machine Learn. (PMLR, New York), 1188–1196).Google Scholar
- (2020) Mobile ads: Can your phone hear your conversations? Accessed April 12, 2024, https://www.spiralytics.com/blog/mobile-ads-can-phone-hear-conversations-infographic/.Google Scholar
- (2011) Voluntary audits vs. mandatory audits. Accounting Rev. 86(5):1655–1678.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2009) Disclosure and the cost of capital: Evidence from firms’ responses to the Enron shock. NBER Working Paper No. 14897, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
- (2021) Platform design and innovation incentives: Evidence from the product ratings system on Apple’s App Store. Preprint, submitted June 11, https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3863816.Google Scholar
- (2017) Platform integration and demand spillovers in complementary markets: Evidence from Facebook’s integration of Instagram. Management Sci. 63(10):3438–3458.Link, Google Scholar
- Liftoff (2019) Average mobile app user acquisition costs worldwide from September 2018 to August 2019, by user action and OS (in U.S.D). Accessed April 12, 2024, https://www.statista.com/statistics/185736/mobile-app-average-user-acquisition-cost/.Google Scholar
- (2018) Hundreds of apps can eavesdrop through phone microphones to target ads. Popular Mechanics (January 2), https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/security/a14533262/alphonso-audio-ad-targeting/.Google Scholar
- (2022) Valuing intrinsic and instrumental preferences for privacy. Marketing Sci. 41(4):663–681.Link, Google Scholar
- (2017) U.S Android users spent an average of $30 on Google Play apps in 2016. Accessed April 12, 2024, https://sensortower.com/blog/revenue-per-android-device-2016.Google Scholar
- (2022) Long-term effects of childhood nutrition: Evidence from a school lunch reform. Rev. Econom. Stud. 89(2):876–908.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2015) Americans’ attitudes about privacy, security & surveillance. Report, Pew Research, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
- (1998) When is it worthwhile targeting the majority instead of the innovators in a new product launch? J. Marketing Res. 35(4):488–495.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) The welfare impact of targeted advertising technologies. Inform. Systems Res. 33(1):131–151.Link, Google Scholar
- (2021) Who forgoes screening in online markets and when? Evidence from Airbnb. MIS Quart. 45(4):1745–1776.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2016) Fresh apps: An empirical study of frequently-updated mobile apps in the Google play store. Empirical Software Engrg. 21:1346–1370.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) 28 amazing app revenue statistics (2023): Downloads, usage, and advertising trends. Accessed April 12, 2024, https://www.zippia.com/advice/app-revenue-statistics/.Google Scholar
- MediaPost (2023) Privacy update: ATT opt-in rate now up to 29%. Accessed April 12, 2024, https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/385059/privacy-update-att-opt-in-rate-now-up-to-29.html.Google Scholar
- (1995) Natural and quasi-experiments in economics. J. Bus. Econom. Statist. 13(2):151–161.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) Does piracy lead to product abandonment or stimulate new product development?: Evidence from mobile platform‐based developer firms. Strategic Management J. 41(12):2155–2184.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2012) Recommendation networks and the long tail of electronic commerce. MIS Quart. 36(1):65–83.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) The triple difference estimator. Econom. J. 25(3):531–553.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1999) The PageRank citation ranking: Bringing order to the web. Report, Stanford InfoLab, Stanford, CA.Google Scholar
- (2017) Identifying intrusive mobile apps using peer group analysis. Accessed April 12, 2024, https://security.googleblog.com/2017/07/identifying-intrusive-mobile-apps-using.html.Google Scholar
- (2019) Reducing permission requests in mobile apps. Proc. Internet Measurement Conf. (Association for Computing Machinery, New York), 259–266.Google Scholar
- (2022) Regulatory spillovers and data governance: Evidence from the GDPR. Marketing Sci. 41(4):746–768.Link, Google Scholar
- (2022) The new rules of data privacy. Accessed April 12, 2024, https://hbr.org/2022/02/the-new-rules-of-data-privacy.Google Scholar
- (2016) Android upgrade report card: Grading the manufacturers on Marshmallow. Accessed April 12, 2024, https://www.computerworld.com/article/3052937/android-upgrade-report-card-marshmallow.html.Google Scholar
- Resnick P, Zeckhauser R (2002) Trust among strangers in Internet transactions: Empirical analysis of eBay's reputation system. The Economics of the Internet and E-commerce, Advances in Applied Microeconomics, vol. 11 (Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds, UK), 127–157.Google Scholar
- (2002) Observational Studies (Springer, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2012) Android permissions: A perspective combining risks and benefits. Proc. 17th ACM Sympos. Access Control Models Tech. (Association for Computing Machinery, New York), 13–22.Google Scholar
- (2010) Estimating panel data models in the presence of endogeneity and selection. J. Econometrics 157(2):375–380.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2023) Location divide in digital platforms? Evidence from a natural experiment. Preprint, submitted May 1, https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4422794.Google Scholar
- (2021) Network externalities and cross-platform app development in mobile platforms. Preprint, submitted August 28, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3911638.Google Scholar
- (2005) Does matching overcome Lalonde’s critique of nonexperimental estimators? J. Econometrics 125(1–2):305–353.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) Harming competition and consumers under the guise of protecting privacy: An analysis of Apple’s iOS 14 policy updates. Cornell Law Rev. Online 107:94–122.Google Scholar
- Statista (2021) Android operating system share worldwide by OS version from 2013 to 2020. Accessed April 12, 2024, https://www.statista.com/statistics/271774/share-of-android-platforms-on-mobile-devices-with-android-os/.Google Scholar
- (2013) Ad revenue and content commercialization: Evidence from blogs. Management Sci. 59(10):2314–2331.Link, Google Scholar
- (2016) SecuRank: Starving permission-hungry apps using contextual permission analysis. Proc. 6th Workshop Security Privacy Smartphones Mobile Devices (Association for Computing Machinery, New York), 43–52.Google Scholar
- (2018) Advertisers can easily track you, your kid, your doctor, and the president. Accessed April 12, 2024, https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/12/11/18136361/location-tracking-data-ad-targeting-facebook-google-amazon.Google Scholar
- (2019) Threat of platform‐owner entry and complementor responses: Evidence from the mobile app market. Strategic Management J. 40(9):1336–1367.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2023) The interplay of earnings, ratings, and penalties on sharing platforms: An empirical investigation. Management Sci. 69(10):6128–6146.Link, Google Scholar
- (1995) The Medicaid notch, labor supply, and welfare participation: Evidence from eligibility expansions. Quart. J. Econom. 110(4):909–939.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2014) Entrepreneurial innovation: Killer apps in the iPhone ecosystem. Amer. Econom. Review. 104(5):255–259.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) The effect of the GDPR on privacy policies: Recent progress and future promise. ACM Trans. Management Inform. Systems. 12(1):1–20.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Competing with complementors: An empirical look at Amazon.com. Strategic Management J. 39(10):2618–2642.Crossref, Google Scholar

