Intergenerational Transmission of Organizational Misconduct: Evidence from the Chicago Police Department

References

• Abadie A, Athey S, Imbens GW, Wooldridge J (2022) When Should You Adjust Standard Errors for Clustering? (National Bureau of Economic Research).Google Scholar
• Akers RL (1999) Criminological Theories: Introduction and Evaluation (Routledge, New York).Google Scholar
• Akers R (2009) Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance (Routledge, New York).Google Scholar
• Angrist J, Pischke JS (2009) Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricists Guide (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ashforth BE, Anand V (2003) The normalization of corruption in organizations. Res. Organ. Behav. 25:1–52.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ashkanasy NM, Windsor CA, Treviño LK (2006) Bad apples in bad barrels revisited: Cognitive moral development, just world beliefs, rewards, and ethical decision-making. Bus. Ethics Quart. 16(4):449–473.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ba BA, Rivera RG (2019) The effect of police oversight on crime and allegations of misconduct: Evidence from Chicago. Sci. Working paper.Google Scholar
• Ba BA, Knox D, Mummolo J, Rivera R (2021) The role of officer race and gender in police-civilian interactions in Chicago. Sci. 371(6530):696–702.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Balasubramanian P, Bennett VM, Pierce L (2017) The wages of dishonesty: The supply of cheating under high-powered incentives. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 137:428–444.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bandura A (1965) Influence of models’ reinforcement contingencies on the acquisition of imitative responses. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 1(6):589–595.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Becker GS (1968) Crime and punishment: An economic approach. J. Political Econom. 76(2):169–217.Google Scholar
• Bennett VM, Pierce L, Snyder JA, Toffel MW (2013) Customer-driven misconduct: How competition corrupts business practices. Management Sci. 59(8):1725–1742.Link, Google Scholar
• Bianchi EC, Mohliver A (2016) Do good times breed cheats? Prosperous times have immediate and lasting implications for CEO misconduct. Organ. Sci. 27(6):1488–1503.Link, Google Scholar
• Brief AP, Buttram RT, Dukerich JM (2001) Collective corruption in the corporate world: Toward a process model. Groups at Work: Theory and Research, 471(3):499–511.Google Scholar
• Briley DA, Morris MW, Simonson I (2000) Reasons as carriers of culture: Dynamic vs. dispositional models of cultural influence on decision making. J. Consumer Res. 27(2):157–178.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brown ME, Treviño LK (2006) Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. Leadership Quart. 17(6):595–616.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brown ME, Treviño LK, Harrison DA (2005) Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 97(2):117–134.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burbano VC, Chiles B (2022) Mitigating gig and remote worker misconduct: Evidence from a real effort experiment. Organ. Sci. 33(4):1273–1299.Link, Google Scholar
• Burbano VC, Ostler J (2021) Differences in consumer-benefiting misconduct by nonprofit, for-profit, and public organizations. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 166:117–136.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cable DM, Gino F, Staats BR (2013) Reinventing employee onboarding. MIT Sloan Management Rev. 54(3):23–28.Google Scholar
• Carrell SE, Sacerdote BI, West JE (2013) From natural variation to optimal policy? The importance of endogenous peer group formation. Econometrica 81(3):855–882.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Castilla EJ, Ranganathan A (2020) The production of merit: How managers understand and apply merit in the workplace. Organ. Sci. 31(4):909–935.Link, Google Scholar
• Chan TY, Chen Y, Pierce L, Snow D (2020) The influence of peers in worker misconduct: Evidence from restaurant theft. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 23(4):952–973.Link, Google Scholar
• Chappell AT, Lanza-Kaduce L (2010) Police academy socialization: Understanding the lessons learned in a paramilitary-bureaucratic organization. J. Contemporary Ethnography 39(2):187–214.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chappell AT, Piquero AR (2004) Applying social learning theory to police misconduct. Deviant Behav. 25(2):89–108.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cialdini RB, Reno RR, Kallgren CA (1990) A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 58(6):1015–1026.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cinelli C, Forney A, Pearl J (2022) A crash course in good and bad controls. Sociol. Methods Res., ePub ahead of print May 20, https://doi.org/10.1177/00491241221099552.Google Scholar
• Chicago Police Department (2020) Biennial Report 1999/2000. Report, Chicago Police Department.Google Scholar
• Conley TG, Hansen CB, Rossi PE (2012) Plausibly exogenous. Rev. Econom. Statist. 94(1):260–272.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Corkery M (2016) Wells Fargo fined $185 million for fraudulently opening accounts. The New York Times Online (September 8), https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/09/business/dealbook/wells-fargo-fined-for-years-of-harm-to-customers.html.Google Scholar
• Crabtree S (2020) Most Americans say policing needs “major changes.” Gallup Online (July 22), https://news.gallup.com/poll/315962/americans-say-policing-needs-major-changes.aspx.Google Scholar
• Department of Justice (2017) Investigation of the Chicago Police Department. Report, United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division and United States Attorney’s Office Northern District of Illinois, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
• Dharmapala D, McAdams RH, Rappaport J (2022) Collective bargaining rights and police misconduct: Evidence from Florida. J. Law Econom. Organ. 38(1):1–41.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dimmock SG, Gerken WC, Graham NP (2018) Is fraud contagious? Coworker influence on misconduct by financial advisors. J. Finance 73(3):1417–1450.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dokko G, Wilk SL, Rothbard NP (2009) Unpacking prior experience: How career history affects job performance. Organ. Sci. 20(1):51–68.Link, Google Scholar
• Edelman B, Larkin I (2015) Social comparisons and deception across workplace hierarchies: Field and experimental evidence. Organ. Sci. 26(1):78–98.Link, Google Scholar
• Efrati A, Lauricella T, Searcey D (2008) Bernard Madoff, a Wall Street force, accused in Ponzi scheme. The Wall Street Journal (December 12), https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122903010173099377.Google Scholar
• Elkind B, McLean P (2003) The Smartest Guys in the Room: The Amazing Rise and Scandalous Fall of Enron (Penguin Books, London).Google Scholar
• Erat S, Gneezy U (2012) White lies. Management Sci. 58(4):723–733.Link, Google Scholar
• Faber JW, Kalbfeld JR (2019) Complaining while black: Racial disparities in the adjudication of complaints against the police. City Community 18(3):1028–1067.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fisman R, Miguel E (2007) Corruption, norms, and legal enforcement: Evidence from diplomatic parking tickets. J. Political Econom. 115(6):1020–1048.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gino F, Ayal S, Ariely D (2009) Contagion and differentiation in unethical behavior: The effect of one bad apple on the barrel. Psych. Sci. 20(3):393–398.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gould ED, Kaplan TR (2011) Learning unethical practices from a co-worker: The peer effect of Jose Canseco. Labour Econom. 18(3):338–348.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Greenberg J (1993) Stealing in the name of justice: Informational and interpersonal moderators of theft reactions to underpayment inequity. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 54(1):81–103.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Greve HR, Palmer D, Pozner JE (2010) Organizations gone wild: The causes, processes, and consequences of organizational misconduct. Acad. Management Ann. 4(1):53–107.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gubler T, Larkin I, Pierce L (2016) Motivational spillovers from awards: Crowding out in a multitasking environment. Organ. Sci. 27(2):286–303.Link, Google Scholar
• Gutierrez D (2016) Why Police Training Must Be Reformed (Institute of Politics, Harvard University).Google Scholar
• Hannan MT, Freeman J (1984) Structural inertia and organizational change. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 49(2):149–164.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Harrison JR, Carroll GR (1991) Keeping the faith: A model of cultural transmission in formal organizations. Admin. Sci. Quart. 36(4):552–582.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hill JP, Kochendorfer RA (1969) Knowledge of peer success and risk of detection as determinants of cheating. Developmental Psych. 1(3):231–238.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Holz J, Rivera R, Ba BA (2019) Spillover effects in police use of force. University of Pennsylvania Institute for Law & Economics Research Paper 20–03, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
• Hopper M (1977) Becoming a policeman: Socialization of cadets in a police academy. Urban Life 6(2):149–170.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hotten R (2015) Volkswagen: The scandal explained. BBC News Online (December 10), https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34324772.Google Scholar
• Huy QN (2001) In praise of middle managers. Harvard Bus. Rev. 79(8):72–79.Google Scholar
• Huy QN (2002) Emotional balancing of organizational continuity and radical change: The contribution of middle managers. Admin. Sci. Quart. 47(1):31–69.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Huy QN (2010) Paul Osterman: The Truth About Middle Managers: Who They Are, How They Work, and Why They Matter (SAGE Publications, Los Angeles).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ireland RD (1992) Corporate culture best conveyed by mid-level managers. Baylor Bus. Rev. 10:18.Google Scholar
• Jones GE, Kavanagh MJ (1996) An experimental examination of the effects of individual and situational factors on unethical behavioral intentions in the workplace. J. Bus. Ethics 15(5):511–523.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jones TM (1991) Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model. Acad. Management Rev. 16(2):366–395.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kacperczyk AJ (2009) Inside or outside: The social mechanisms of entrepreneurship choices. Evidence from the mutual fund industry. Unpublished PhD thesis, MIT Sloan School of Management.Google Scholar
• Kensbock JM, Alkærsig L, Lomberg C (2022) The epidemic of mental disorders in business—How depression, anxiety, and stress spread across organizations through employee mobility. Admin. Sci. Quart. 67(1):1–48.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Koren J (2018) Sacramento becomes latest city to allege mortgage discrimination by Wells Fargo. Los Angeles Times Online (February 28), https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-wells-fargo-sacramento-20180228-story.html.Google Scholar
• Larkin I (2014) The cost of high-powered incentives: Employee gaming in enterprise software sales. J. Labor Econom. 32(2):199–227.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Larkin I, Pierce L (2015) Compensation and employee misconduct: The inseparability of productive and counterproductive behavior in firms. Palmer D, Greenwood R, Smith-Crowe K, eds. Organizational Wrongdoing: Key Perspectives and New Directions (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge), 270–304.Google Scholar
• Lowes S, Nunn N, Robinson JA, Weigel JL (2017) The evolution of culture and institutions: Evidence from the Kuba Kingdom. Econometrica 85(4):1065–1091.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Luo H, Zhang L (2021) Scandal, social movement, and change: Evidence from #MeToo in Hollywood. Management Sci. 68(2):1278–1296.Link, Google Scholar
• Manning PK (1977) Police Work: The Social Organization of Policing (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
• Marquis C, Tilcsik A (2013) Imprinting: Toward a multilevel theory. Acad. Management Ann. 7(1):195–245.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mayer DM, Kuenzi M, Greenbaum R, Bardes M, Salvador RB (2009) How low does ethical leadership flow? Test of a trickle-down model. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 108(1):1–13.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McEvily B, Jaffee J, Tortoriello M (2012) Not all bridging ties are equal: Network imprinting and firm growth in the Nashville legal industry, 1933–1978. Organ. Sci. 23(2):547–563.Link, Google Scholar
• Michaels JW, Miethe T (1989) Applying theories of deviance to academic cheating. Soc. Sci. Quart. 70(4):870–885.Google Scholar
• Ortiz A (2020) Confidence in police is at record low, Gallup survey finds. The New York Times Online (August 12), https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/12/us/gallup-poll-police.html.Google Scholar
• Ouellet M, Hashimi S, Gravel J, Papachristos AV (2019) Network exposure and excessive use of force: Investigating the social transmission of police misconduct. Criminology Public Policy 18(3):675–704.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Palmer D, Yenkey CB (2015) Drugs, sweat, and gears: An organizational analysis of performance-enhancing drug use in the 2010 Tour de France. Soc. Forces 94(2):891–922.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Parsons CA, Sulaeman J, Titman S (2018) The geography of financial misconduct. J. Finance 73(5):2087–2137.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pierce L, Balasubramanian P (2015) Behavioral field evidence on psychological and social factors in dishonesty and misconduct. Current Opinion Psych. 6:70–76.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pierce L, Snyder J (2008) Ethical spillovers in firms: Evidence from vehicle emissions testing. Management Sci. 54(11):1891–1903.Link, Google Scholar
• Pierce L, Snow DC, McAfee A (2015) Cleaning house: The impact of information technology monitoring on employee theft and productivity. Management Sci. 61(10):2299–2319.Link, Google Scholar
• Pinto J, Leana CR, Pil FK (2008) Corrupt organizations or organizations of corrupt individuals? Two types of organization-level corruption. Acad. Management Rev. 33(3):685–709.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Police Accountability Task Force (2016) Recommendations for reform: Restoring trust between the Chicago Police Department and the communities they serve. https://igchicago.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/PATF_Final_Report_4_13_16-1.pdf.Google Scholar
• Ponemon LA (1992) Ethical reasoning and selection-socialization in accounting. Accounting Organ. Soc. 17(3–4):239–258.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Quispe-Torreblanca EG, Stewart N (2019) Causal peer effects in police misconduct. Nature Human Behav. 3(8):797–807.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Reeder GD, Brewer MB (1979) A schematic model of dispositional attribution in interpersonal perception. Psych. Rev. 86(1):61–79.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rim N, Rivera R, Kiss A, Ba B (2020) The black-white recognition gap in award nominations. J. Labor Econom. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
• Rozema K, Schanzenbach M (2019) Good cop, bad cop: Using civilian allegations to predict police misconduct. Amer. Econom. J. Econom. Policy 11(2):225–268.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Savitz L (1970) The dimensions of police loyalty. Amer. Behav. Sci. 13(5–6):693–704.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Schwartz MS, Dunfee TW, Kline MJ (2005) Tone at the top: An ethics code for directors? J. Bus. Ethics 58(1):79–100.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shaver JM (2005) Testing for mediating variables in management research: Concerns, implications, and alternative strategies. J. Management 31(3):330–353.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sims RR, Brinkmann J (2002) Leaders as moral. J. Bus. Ethics 35:327–339.Google Scholar
• Stinchcombe A (1965) Social structure and organizations. Handbook of Organizations (Rand McNally, Chicago).Google Scholar
• Stroube BK (2021) Using allegations to understand selection bias in organizations: Misconduct in the Chicago Police Department. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 166:149–165.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sutherland EH (1947) Principles of Criminology, 4th ed. (JB Lippincott, Philadelphia).Google Scholar
• Tabellini G (2008) The scope of cooperation: Values and incentives. Quart. J. Econom. 123(3):905–950.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tilcsik A (2014) Imprint–environment fit and performance: How organizational munificence at the time of hire affects subsequent job performance. Admin. Sci. Quart. 59(4):639–668.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Treviño LK, Youngblood SA (1990) Bad apples in bad barrels: A causal analysis of ethical decision-making behavior. J. Appl. Psych. 75(4):378–385.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Treviño LK, Weaver GR, Reynolds SJ (2006) Behavioral ethics in organizations: A review. J. Management 32(6):951–990.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Van Maanen J (1975) Police socialization: A longitudinal examination of job attitudes in an urban police department. Admin. Sci. Quart. 20(2):207–228.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Van Maanen JE, Schein EH (1979) Toward a theory of organizational socialization. Staw BM, ed. Research in Organizational Behavior (JAI Press, Greenwich, CT), 209–264.Google Scholar
• Vardi Y, Wiener Y (1996) Misbehavior in organizations: A motivational framework. Organ. Sci. 7(2):151–165.Link, Google Scholar
• Vaughan D (1999) The dark side of organizations: Mistake, misconduct, and disaster. Annual Rev. Sociol. 25(1):271–305.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Walker S, Bumphus VW (1992) The effectiveness of civilian review: Observations on recent trends and new issues regarding the civilian review of the police. Amer. J. Police 11(4):1–16.Google Scholar
• Weber J (1995) Influences upon organizational ethical subclimates: A multi-departmental analysis of a single firm. Organ. Sci. 6(5):509–523.Link, Google Scholar
• Wiener-Bronner D (2021) McDonald’s will train all its restaurant staff after widespread sexual harassment allegations. CNN Online (April 14), https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/14/business/mcdonalds-sexual-harassment-training/index.html.Google Scholar
• Wiltermuth SS (2011) Cheating more when the spoils are split. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 115(2):157–168.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wood G, Roithmayr D, Papachristos AV (2019) The network structure of police misconduct. Socius 5:1–18.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Yenkey CB (2018) Fraud and market participation: Social relations as a moderator of organizational misconduct. Admin. Sci. Quart. 63(1):43–84.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zhao L, Papachristos AV (2020) Network position and police who shoot. Ann. Amer. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 687(1):89–112.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zucker LG (1977) The role of institutionalization in cultural persistence. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 42(5):726–743.Crossref, Google Scholar