Can Artificial Intelligence Improve Gender Equality? Evidence from a Natural Experiment

References

• Acemoglu D, Restrepo P (2018) The race between man and machine: Implications of technology for growth, factor shares, and employment. Amer. Econom. Rev. 108(6):1488–1542.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Acemoglu D, Restrepo P (2020) Robots and jobs: Evidence from US labor markets. J. Political Econom. 128(6):2188–2244.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Al-Ubaydli O, List JA, Suskind DL (2017) What can we learn from experiments? Understanding the threats to the scalability of experimental results. Amer. Econom. Rev. 107(5):282–286.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Alan S, Ertac S, Mumcu I (2018) Gender stereotypes in the classroom and effects on achievement. Rev. Econom. Statist. 100(5):876–890.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Anderson ML (2008) Multiple inference and gender differences in the effects of early intervention: A reevaluation of the abecedarian, Perry Preschool, and early training projects. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 103(484):1481–1495.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bai S, Hew KF, Huang B (2020) Does gamification improve student learning outcome? Evidence from a meta-analysis and synthesis of qualitative data in educational contexts. Ed. Res. Rev. 30:100322.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Baker RS, Hawn A (2022) Algorithmic bias in education. Internat. J. Artificial Intelligence Ed. 32:1052–1092.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bao Z, Huang D (2021) Shadow banking in a crisis: Evidence from fintech during COVID-19. J. Financial Quant. Anal. 56(7):2320–2355.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bao Z, Huang D (2022) Reform scientific elections to improve gender equality. Nature Human Behav. 6(4):478–479.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bao T, Nekrasova E, Neugebauer T, Tiyanto YE (2022) Algorithmic trading in experimental markets with human traders: A literature survey. Füllbrunn S, Haruvy E, eds. Handbook of Experimental Finance (Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK), 302–322.Google Scholar
• Barsbai T, Licuanan V, Steinmayr A, Tiongson E, Yang D (2020) Information and the acquisition of social network connections. NBER Working Paper No. 27346, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
• Breda T, Jouini E, Napp C, Thebault G (2020) Gender stereotypes can explain the gender-equality paradox. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 117(49):31063–31069.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Carlana M (2019) Implicit stereotypes: Evidence from teachers’ gender bias. Quart. J. Econom. 134(3):1163–1224.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cheung AC, Slavin RE (2013) The effectiveness of educational technology applications for enhancing mathematics achievement in k-12 classrooms: A meta-analysis. Ed. Res. Rev. 9:88–113.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dhaene G, Jochmans K (2015) Split-panel jackknife estimation of fixed-effect models. Rev. Econom. Stud. 82(3):991–1030.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dodds PS, Harris KD, Kloumann IM, Bliss CA, Danforth CM (2011) Temporal patterns of happiness and information in a global social network: Hedonometrics and twitter. PLoS One 6(12):e26752.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dodds PS, Clark EM, Desu S, Frank MR, Reagan AJ, Williams JR, Mitchell L, et al. (2015) Human language reveals a universal positivity bias. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112(8):2389–2394.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Duckworth AL, Peterson C, Matthews MD, Kelly DR (2007) Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 92(6):1087–1101.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Duflo E (2012) Women empowerment and economic development. J. Econom. Literature 50(4):1051–1079.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Durlak JA, Weissberg RP, Dymnicki AB, Taylor RD, Schellinger KB (2011) The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development 82(1):405–432.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Freeman S, Eddy SL, McDonough M, Smith MK, Okoroafor N, Jordt H, Wenderoth MP (2014) Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111(23):8410–8415.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Frenzel AC, Daniels L, Burić I (2021) Teacher emotions in the classroom and their implications for students. Ed. Psych. 56(4):250–264.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gallus J, Heikensten E (2020) Awards and the gender gap in knowledge contributions in stem. AEA Papers Proc. 110:241–244.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ganley CM, George CE, Cimpian JR, Makowski MB (2018) Gender equity in college majors: Looking beyond the STEM/non-STEM dichotomy for answers regarding female participation. Amer. Ed. Res. J. 55(3):453–487.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Giannakopoulos T (2015) pyAudioAnalysis: An open-source python library for audio signal analysis. PLoS One 10(12):e0144610.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gobet F, Jansen PJ (2006) Training in Chess: A Scientific Approach (University of Texas at Dallas Caramel Company Chess Program, T.H.E., Richardson).Google Scholar
• Goldin C, Katz LF, Kuziemko I (2006) The homecoming of American college women: The reversal of the college gender gap. Quart. J. Econom. 121(4):1411–1464.Google Scholar
• Hatfield E, Cacioppo JT, Rapson RL (1993) Emotional contagion. Current Directions Psych. Sci. 2(3):96–100.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hillmayr D, Ziernwald L, Reinhold F, Hofer SI, Reiss KM (2020) The potential of digital tools to enhance mathematics and science learning in secondary schools: A context-specific meta-analysis. Comput. Ed. 153:103897.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hoberg G, Phillips G (2010) Product market synergies and competition in mergers and acquisitions: A text-based analysis. Rev. Financial Stud. 23(10):3773–3811.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hu A, Ma S (2021) Persuading investors: A video-based study. NBER Working Paper No. 29048, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
• Klasen S (2002) Low schooling for girls, slower growth for all? Cross-country evidence on the effect of gender inequality in education on economic development. World Bank Econom. Rev. 16(3):345–373.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kleinberg J, Lakkaraju H, Leskovec J, Ludwig J, Mullainathan S (2018) Human decisions and machine predictions. Quart. J. Econom. 133(1):237–293.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kloumann IM, Danforth CM, Harris KD, Bliss CA, Dodds PS (2012) Positivity of the English language. PLoS One 7(1):e29484.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Krauss RM, Apple W, Morency N, Wenzel C, Winton W (1981) Verbal, vocal, and visible factors in judgments of another’s affect. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 40(2):312–320.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lauermann F, Butler R (2021) The elusive links between teachers’ teaching-related emotions, motivations, and self-regulation and students’ educational outcomes. Ed. Psych. 56(4):243–249.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lavy V, Sand E (2018) On the origins of gender gaps in human capital: Short-and long-term consequences of teachers’ biases. J. Public Econom. 167:263–279.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mayew WJ, Venkatachalam M (2012) The power of voice: Managerial affective states and future firm performance. J. Finance 67(1):1–43.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Miric M, Pagani M, Sawy OAE (2021) When and who do platform companies acquire? Understanding the role of acquisitions in the growth of platform companies. Management Inform. Systems Quart. 45(4):2159–2174.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mnih V, Kavukcuoglu K, Silver D, Rusu AA, Veness J, Bellemare MG, Graves A, et al. (2015) Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning. Nature 518(7540):529–533.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Neyman J, Scott EL (1948) Consistent estimates based on partially consistent observations. Econometrica 16(1):1–32.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Niederle M, Vesterlund L (2010) Explaining the gender gap in math test scores: The role of competition. J. Econom. Perspect. 24(2):129–144.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Oster E (2019) Unobservable selection and coefficient stability: Theory and evidence. J. Bus. Econom. Statist. 37(2):187–204.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Romano JP, Wolf M (2016) Efficient computation of adjusted p-values for resampling-based stepdown multiple testing. Statist. Probab. Lett. 113:38–40.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Santelices MV, Wilson M (2010) Unfair treatment? The case of Freedle, the SAT, and the standardization approach to differential item functioning. Harvard Ed. Rev. 80(1):106–134.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Silver D, Huang A, Maddison CJ, Guez A, Sifre L, van den Driessche G, Schrittwieser J, et al. (2016) Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search. Nature 529(7587):484–489.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Silver D, Schrittwieser J, Simonyan K, Antonoglou I, Huang A, Guez A, Hubert T, et al. (2017) Mastering the game of Go without human knowledge. Nature 550(7676):354–359.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sun T, Gaut A, Tang S, Huang Y, ElSherief M, Zhao J, Mirza D, Belding E, Chang K-W, Wang WY (2019) Mitigating gender bias in natural language processing: Literature review. Korhonen A, Traum D, Màrquez L, eds. Proc. 57th Annual Meeting Assoc. Comput. Linguistics (Association for Computational Linguistics, New York), 1630–1640.Google Scholar
• Wallbott HG, Scherer KR (1986) Cues and channels in emotion recognition. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 51(4):690–699.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Westfall PH, Young SS (1993) Resampling-Based Multiple Testing: Examples and Methods for p-Value Adjustment (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ).Google Scholar
• Wu DJ (2019) Accelerating self-play learning in Go. Preprint, submitted February 27, https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.10565.Google Scholar
• Yeager DS, Dweck CS (2012) Mindsets that promote resilience: When students believe that personal characteristics can be developed. Ed. Psych. 47(4):302–314.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zheng S, Wang J, Sun C, Zhang X, Kahn ME (2019) Air pollution lowers Chinese urbanites’ expressed happiness on social media. Nature Human Behav. 3(3):237–243.Crossref, Google Scholar