Shaping Police Officer Mindsets and Behaviors: Experimental Evidence of Procedural Justice Training

References

• Ambrose ML, Schminke M, Mayer DM (2013) Trickle-down effects of supervisor perceptions of interactional justice: A moderated mediation approach. J. Appl. Psych. 98(4):678–689.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ang D, Bencsik P, Bruhn J, Derenoncourt E (2021) Police violence reduces civilian cooperation and engagement with law enforcement. NBER Working Paper No. 29254, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Banerjee A, Chattopadhyay R, Duflo E, Keniston D, Singh N (2021) Improving police performance in Rajasthan, India: Experimental evidence on incentives, managerial autonomy, and training. Amer. Econom. J. Econom. Policy 13(1):36–66.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Baumeister RF, Vohs KD, Tice DM (2007) The strength model of self-control. Current Directions Psych. Sci. 16(6):351–355.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bianchi EC, Brockner J (2012) In the eyes of the beholder? The role of dispositional trust in judgments of procedural and interactional fairness. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 118(1):46–59.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Blader SL, Chen Y-R (2012) Differentiating the effects of status and power: A justice perspective. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 102(5):994–1014.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Blader SL, Rothman NB (2014) Paving the road to preferential treatment with good intentions: Empathy, accountability and fairness. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 50:65–81.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Blader SL, Wiesenfeld BM, Fortin M, Wheeler-Smith SL (2013) Fairness lies in the heart of the beholder: How the social emotions of third parties influence reactions to injustice. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 121(1):62–80.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brockner J (2015) The Process Matters: Engaging and Equipping People for Success (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brockner J, Wiesenfeld BM (1996) An integrative framework for explaining reactions to decisions: Interactive effects of outcomes and procedures. Psych. Bull. 120(2):189–208.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brockner J, Wiesenfeld BM, Diekmann KA (2009) 4 towards a “fairer” conception of process fairness: Why, when and how more may not always be better than less. Acad. Management Ann. 3(1):183–216.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brockner J, Wiesenfeld BM, Siegel PA, Bobocel DR, Liu Z (2015) Riding the fifth wave: Organizational justice as dependent variable. Res. Organ. Behav. 35:103–121.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brockner J, Konovsky M, Cooper-Schneider R, Folger R, Martin C, Bies RJ (1994) Interactive effects of procedural justice and outcome negativity on victims and survivors of job loss. Acad. Management J. 37(2):397–409.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bruhn M, McKenzie D (2009) In pursuit of balance: Randomization in practice in development field experiments. Amer. Econom. J. Appl. Econom. 1(4):200–232.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cable DM, Gino F, Staats BR (2013) Breaking them in or eliciting their best? Reframing socialization around newcomers’ authentic self-expression. Admin. Sci. Quart. 58(1):1–36.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Castilla EJ, Benard S (2010) The paradox of meritocracy in organizations. Admin. Sci. Quart. 55(4):543–676.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Causa en Común (2018) Indice de Desarrollo Policial (Causa en Común, Mexico City).Google Scholar
• Cohen J (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed. (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ).Google Scholar
• Colquitt JA (2012) Organizational justice. Kozlowski SWJ, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Psychology, vol. 1 (Oxford University Press, New York), 526–547.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Colquitt JA, Long DM, Rodell JB, Halvorsen-Ganepola MD (2015) Adding the “in” to justice: A qualitative and quantitative investigation of the differential effects of justice rule adherence and violation. J. Appl. Psych. 100(2):278–297.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Colquitt JA, Scott BA, Judge TA, Shaw JC (2006) Justice and personality: Using integrative theories to derive moderators of justice effects. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 100(1):110–127.Crossref, Google Scholar
• De Cremer D, Tyler TR (2007) The effects of trust in authority and procedural fairness on cooperation. J. Appl. Psych. 92(3):639–649.Crossref, Google Scholar
• DiBenigno J (2022) How idealized professional identities can persist through client interactions. Admin. Sci. Quart. 67(3):865–912.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dippel C, Gold R, Heblich S, Pinto R (2019) Mediation Analysis in IV Settings with a Single Instrument (Mimeo).Google Scholar
• Dobbin F, Kalev A (2019) The promise and peril of sexual harassment programs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 116(25):12255–12260.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dube O, MacArthur SJ, Shah AK (2023) A Cognitive View of Policing (National Bureau of Economic Research).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Feldman MS (2003) A performative perspective on stability and change in organizational routines. Indust. Corporate Change 12(4):727–752.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Folger R, Martin C (1986) Relative deprivation and referent cognitions: Distributive and procedural justice effects. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 22(6):531–546.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Forscher PS, Lai CK, Axt JR, Ebersole CR, Herman M, Devine PG, Nosek BA (2019) A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 117(3):522–559.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fortin M, Blader SL, Wiesenfeld BM, Wheeler-Smith SL (2015) Justice and affect: A dimensional approach. Cropanzano RS, Ambrose ML, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Justice in the Workplace (Oxford University Press, New York), 419–439.Google Scholar
• García-Ponce O, Young LE, Zeitzoff T (2023) Anger and support for retribution in Mexico’s drug war. J. Peace Res. 60(2):274–290.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Goff PA (2021) Perspectives on policing. Annual Rev. Criminology 4(1):27–32.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Goff PA, Rau H (2020) Predicting bad policing: Theorizing burdensome and racially disparate policing through the lenses of social psychology and routine activities. Ann. Amer. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 687(1):67–88.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gosling SD, Rentfrow PJ, Swann WB Jr (2003) A very brief measure of the big-five personality domains. J. Res. Personality 37(6):504–528.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Grant AM, Berg JM (2012) Prosocial motivation at work. The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organization Scholarship.Google Scholar
• Hainmueller J, Mummolo J, Xu Y (2019) How much should we trust estimates from multiplicative interaction models? Simple tools to improve empirical practice. Political Analysis 27(2):163–192.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Heimer CA (1992) Doing your job and helping your friends: Universalistic norms about obligations to particular others in networks. Nohria N, Eccles RG, eds. Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action (Harvard Business School Press, Boston), 143–164.Google Scholar
• Imbens GW, Rubin DB (2015) Causal Inference for Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences: An Introduction (Cambridge University Press, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) (2017) Encuesta nacional de estándares y capacitación profesional policial. INEGI, Mexico. Accessed May 16, 2019, https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/enecap/2017/.Google Scholar
• Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) (2018) Encuesta nacional de victimización y percepción sobre seguridad pública 2011–2018. INEGI, Mexico. Accessed May 16, 2019, https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/envipe/2018/default.html#Tabulados.Google Scholar
• Judge TA, Colquitt JA (2004) Organizational justice and stress: The mediating role of work-family conflict. J. Appl. Psych. 89(3):395–404.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kahn WA (2019) Dynamics and implications of distress organizing. Acad. Management J. 62(5):1471–1497.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kirk DS, Papachristos AV (2011) Cultural mechanisms and the persistence of neighborhood violence. Amer. J. Sociol. 116(4):1190–1233.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lai CK, Marini M, Lehr SA, Cerruti C, Shin J-EL, Joy-Gaba JA, Ho AK, et al. (2014) Reducing implicit racial preferences: A comparative investigation of 17 interventions. J. Experiment. Psych. General 143(4):1765–1785.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lavelle JJ, Rupp DE, Manegold J, Thornton MA (2015) Multifoci justice and target similarity: Emerging research and extensions. Cropanzano RS, Ambrose ML, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Justice in the Workplace (Oxford University Press, New York), 165–186.Google Scholar
• Liao H, Rupp D (2005) The impact of justice climate and justice orientation on work outcomes: A cross-level multifoci framework. J. Appl. Psych. 90(2):242–256.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lind EA (2019) Social Psychology and Justice (Routledge, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lind EA, Tyler TR (1988) The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice (Springer, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lind EA, Greenberg J, Scott KS, Welchans TD (2000) The winding road from employee to complainant: Situational and psychological determinants of wrongful-termination claims. Admin. Sci. Quart. 45(3):557–590.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lipsky M (2010) Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Service (Russell Sage Foundation, New York). Google Scholar
• Manning PK (1978) The police: Mandate, strategies, and appearances. Manning PK, Van Maanen J, eds. Policing: A View from the Street (Random House, New York), 7–31.Google Scholar
• Margolis JD, Molinsky A (2008) Navigating the bind of necessary evils: Psychological engagement and the production of interpersonally sensitive behavior. Acad. Management J. 51(5):847–872. doi: 10.5465/amj.2008.34789639.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Masterson SS (2001) A trickle-down model of organizational justice: Relating employees’ and customers’ perceptions of and reactions to fairness. J. Appl. Psych. 86(4):594–604.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Masterson SS, Lewis K, Goldman BM, Taylor MS (2000) Integrating justice and social exchange: The differing effects of fair procedures and treatment on work relationships. Acad. Management J. 43(4):738–748.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Meuris J (2023) Can racial diversity attenuate racial discrimination in service interactions? Evidence from cite-and-release decisions within police departments. Organ. Sci. 34(1):197–222.Link, Google Scholar
• Owens E, Weisburd D, Amendola KL, Alpert GP (2018) Can you build a better cop? Experimental evidence on supervision, training, and policing in the community. Criminology Public Policy 17(1):41–87.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Paluck EL, Green DP (2009) Prejudice reduction: What works? A review and assessment of research and practice. Annual Rev. Psych. 60(1):339–367.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Patil SV (2018) The public doesn’t understand: The self-reinforcing interplay of image discrepancies and political ideologies in law enforcement. Admin. Sci. Quart. 64(3):737–769.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Peyton K, Sierra-Arévalo M, Rand DG (2019) A field experiment on community policing and police legitimacy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 116(40):19894–19898.Crossref, Google Scholar
• President’s Task Force (2015) Final report of the President’s task force on 21st century policing, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
• Reay T, Goodrick E, Waldorff SB, Casebeer A (2016) Getting leopards to change their spots: Co-creating a new professional role identity. Acad. Management J. 60(3):1043–1070.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Roodman D, Nielsen MØ, MacKinnon JG, Webb MD (2019) Fast and wild: Bootstrap inference in stata using boottest. Stata J. 19(1):4–60.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum DP, Lawrence DS (2017) Teaching procedural justice and communication skills during police–community encounters: Results of a randomized control trial with police recruits. J. Experiment. Criminology 13(3):293–319.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rucker DD, Preacher KJ, Tormala ZL, Petty RE (2011) Mediation analysis in social psychology: Current practices and new recommendations. Soc. Personality Psych. Compass 5(6):359–371.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Scott BA, Colquitt JA, Paddock EL (2009) An actor-focused model of justice rule adherence and violation: The role of managerial motives and discretion. J. Appl. Psych. 94(3):756–769.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Silbey S, Huising R, Vinocur Coslovsky S (2009) The “sociological citizen:” Relational interdependence in law and organizations. L’Année Sociologique 59(1):201–229.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Skarlicki DP, Latham GP (2005) Handbook of Organizational Justice (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, Mahwah, NJ).Google Scholar
• Skarlicki DP, Folger R, Tesluk P (1999) Personality as a moderator in the relationship between fairness and retaliation. Acad. Management J. 42(1):100–108.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Skarlicki DP, Van Jaarsveld DD, Walker DD (2008) Getting even for customer mistreatment: The role of moral identity in the relationship between customer interpersonal injustice and employee sabotage. J. Appl. Psych. 93(6):1335–1347.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Skogan WG, Van Craen M, Hennessy C (2015) Training police for procedural justice. J. Experiment. Criminology 11(3):319–334.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Stecher BM, Holtzman DJ, Garet MS, Hamilton LS, Engberg J, Steiner ED, Robyn A, et al. (2018) Improving Teaching Effectiveness: Final Report: The Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching through 2015–2016 (RAND Corporation).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tepper BJ, Henle CA, Lambert LS, Giacalone RA, Duffy MK (2008) Abusive supervision and subordinates’ organization deviance. J. Appl. Psych. 93(4):721–732.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Thibaut JW, Walker L (1975) Procedural Justice: A Psychological Analysis (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, Hillsdale, NJ).Google Scholar
• Torreblanca C, Lara A (2018) Estamos en la época más violenta de la CDMX? Accessed May 16, 2019, https://parentesis.nexos.com.mx/?p=591.Google Scholar
• Trinkner R, Tyler TR, Goff PA (2016) Justice from within: The relations between a procedurally just organizational climate and police organizational efficiency, endorsement of democratic policing, and officer well-being. Psych. Public Policy Law 22(2):158–172.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tyler TR (2006) Why People Obey the Law (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ). Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tyler TR, Nobo C (2022) Legitimacy-Based Policing and the Promotion of Community Vitality (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).Google Scholar
• Van den Bos K, Wilke HA, Lind EA (1998) When do we need procedural fairness? The role of trust in authority. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 75(6):1449–1458.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Van den Bos K, Ham J, Lind EA, Simonis M, Van Essen WJ, Rijpkema M (2008) Justice and the human alarm system: The impact of exclamation points and flashing lights on the justice judgment process. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 44(2):201–219.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Weitzer R (2002) Incidents of police misconduct and public opinion. J. Criminal Justice 30(5):397–408.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wiesenfeld BM, Brockner J, Martin C (1999) A self-affirmation analysis of survivors’ reactions to unfair organizational downsizings. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 35(5):441–460.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wiesenfeld BM, Brockner J, Thibault V (2000) Procedural fairness, managers’ self-esteem, and managerial behaviors following a layoff. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 83(1):1–32.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wilson JQ (1978) Varieties of Police Behavior: The Management of Law and Order in Eight Communities (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
• Wo DXH, Ambrose ML, Schminke M (2015) What drives trickle-down effects? A test of multiple mediation processes. Acad. Management J. 58(6):1848–1868.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wood G, Roithmayr D, Papachristos AV (2019) The network structure of police misconduct. Socius 5(1):1–18.Google Scholar
• Wood G, Tyler TR, Papachristos AV (2020) Procedural justice training reduces police use of force and complaints against officers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 117(18):9815–9821.Crossref, Google Scholar