Talking About Performance or Paying for It? A Field Experiment on Performance Reviews and Incentives
References
- (2021) When bonuses backfire: Evidence from the workplace. Working paper, University of Cologne, Germany.Google Scholar
- (2020) Image versus information: Changing societal norms and optimal privacy. Amer. Econom. J. Microeconom. 12(3):116–164.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) Just words? Just speeches? On the economic value of charismatic leadership. Working paper, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.Google Scholar
- (2009) Doing good or doing well? Image motivation and monetary incentives in behaving prosocially. Amer. Econom. Rev. 99(1):544–555.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2014) No margin, no mission? A field experiment on incentives for public service delivery. J. Public Econom. 120:1–17.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2017) The econometrics of randomized experiments. Banerjee A, Duflo E, eds. Handbook of Field Experiments, vol. 1 (Elsevier, North Holland, Amsterdam), 73–140.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2007) Incentives for managers and inequality among workers: Evidence from a firm-level experiment. Quart. J. Econom. 122(2):729–773.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2011) Field experiments with firms. J. Econom. Perspect. 25(3):63–82.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) CEO behavior and firm performance. J. Political Econom. 128(4):1325–1369.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Conflict between supervisory monitoring and monetary incentives: Evidence from a high-end retail store. Working paper, Fox School of Business, Temple University, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
- (2000) An empirical analysis of continuing improvements following the implementation of a performance-based compensation plan. J. Accounting. Econom. 30(3):315–350.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2012) Rank incentives: Evidence from a randomized workplace experiment. Working paper, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
- (2016) The spillover effects of monitoring: A field experiment. Management Sci. 62(1):37–45.Link, Google Scholar
- (2003) Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Rev. Econom. Stud. 70(3):489–520.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2006) Incentives and prosocial behavior. Amer. Econom. Rev. 96(5):1652–1678.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2011) Laws and norms. National Bureau of Economic Research No. w17579.Google Scholar
- (2018) Management practices, workforce selection, and productivity. J. Labor Econom. 36(1):371–409.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2003) Managing with style: The effect of managers on firm policies. Quart. J. Econom. 118(4):1169–1208.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) The contingent effect of management practices. Rev. Econom. Stud. 87(2):721–749.Google Scholar
- (2011) Tournament without prizes: Evidence from personnel records. Management Sci. 57(10):1721–1736.Link, Google Scholar
- (2007) Measuring and explaining management practices across firms and countries. Quart. J. Econom. 122(4):1351–1408.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2013) Does management matter? Evidence from India. Quart. J. Econom. 128(1):1–51.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2011) On the incentive effects of monitoring: Evidence from the lab and the field. Experiment. Econom. 14(2):241–253.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1935) Il calcolo delle assicurazioni su gruppi di teste. Studi in Onore del Professore Salvatore Ortu Carboni, 13–60.Google Scholar
- (2016) Employee recognition and performance: A field experiment. Management Sci. 62(11):3085–3099.Link, Google Scholar
- (2012) Complementarity in organizations. Gibbons R, Roberts J, eds. Handbook of Organizational Economics (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ), 11–55.Google Scholar
- (2015) Reinventing performance management. Harvard Bus. Rev. 93(4):40–50.Google Scholar
- Burgess S, Rawal S, Taylor ES (2021) Teacher peer observation and student test scores: Evidence from a field experiment in English secondary schools. J. Labor Econom. 39(4):1155–1186.Google Scholar
- (2015) How does peer pressure affect educational investments? Quart. J. Econom. 130(3):1329–1367.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) Improving management through worker evaluations: Evidence from auto manufacturing. NBER Working Paper No. 27680, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
- (2011) The learning effects of monitoring. Accounting Rev. 86(6):1909–1934.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) What do performance appraisals do? Indust. Labor Relations Rev. 71(1):88–116.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2016) The performance management revolution. Harvard Bus. Rev. 94(10):58–67.Google Scholar
- (2015) Think twice before going for incentives: Social norms and the principal’s decision on compensation contracts. J. Accounting Res. 53(5):985–1015.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2017a) The performance effect of feedback frequency and detail: Evidence from a field experiment in customer satisfaction. J. Accounting Res. 55(5):1051–1088.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2019) Motivating through managing by walking around. Working paper, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.Google Scholar
- (2017b) The impact of forward-looking metrics on employees’ decision-making: The case of customer lifetime value. Accounting Rev. 92(3):31–56.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Nonmonetary incentives and the implications of work as a source of meaning. J. Econom. Perspect. 32(3):215–238.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2013) An experimental investigation of the interactions among intentions, reciprocity, and control. J. Management Accounting Res. 25(1):169–197.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2013) Tournament incentives in the field: Gender differences in the workplace. J. Labor Econom. 31(2):305–326.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2014) Stop basing pay on performance reviews. Harvard Bus. Rev. Accessed January 1, 2014, https://hbr.org/2014/01/stop-basing-pay-on-performance-reviews.Google Scholar
- (2007) Paying respect. J. Econom. Perspect. 21(4):135–150.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2008) Pride and prejudice: The human side of incentive theory. Amer. Econom. Rev. 98(3):990–1008.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Performance effects of setting a high reference point for peer‐performance comparison. J. Accounting Res. 56(2):581–615.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) Less information, more comparison, and better performance: Evidence from a field experiment. J. Accounting Res. 59(2):657–711.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2006) The hidden costs of control. Amer. Econom. Rev. 96(5):1611–1630.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1980) Agency problems and the theory of the firm. J. Political Econom. 88(2):288–307.Crossref, Google Scholar
- Fehr E, List JA (2004) The hidden costs and returns of incentives—trust and trustworthiness among CEOs. J. Eur. Econom. Assoc. 2(5):743–771.Google Scholar
- (2003) Detrimental effects of sanctions on human altruism. Nature 422(6928):137–140.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2009) The design and use of performance management systems: An extended framework for analysis. Management Accounting Res. 20(4):263–282.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2016) Using field experiments in accounting and finance. J. Accounting Res. 54(2):437–475.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) Middle managers, personnel turnover, and performance: A long‐term field experiment in a retail chain. Management Sci. 68(1):211–229.Link, Google Scholar
- (2017) Team incentives and performance: Evidence from a retail chain. Amer. Econom. Rev. 107(8):2168–2203.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) The effect of money priming on self-focus in the imitation-inhibition task. Experiment. Psych. 66(6):423–436.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1992) Optimal incentive contracts in the presence of career concerns: Theory and evidence. J. Political Econom. 100(3):468–505.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2012) Economic theories of incentives in organizations. Gibbons R, Roberts J, eds. Handbook of Organizational Economics (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ), 56–99.Google Scholar
- (2000a) Pay enough or don’t pay at all. Quart. J. Econom. 115(3):791–810.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2000b) A fine is a price. J. Legal Stud. 29(1):1–17.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2011) When and why incentives (don’t) work to modify behavior. J. Econom. Perspect. 25(4):191–210.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) The impact of management practices on employee productivity: A field experiment with airline captains. J. Political Econom. 128(4):1195–1233.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2013) Management control as a system or a package? Conceptual and empirical issues. Accounting Organ. Soc. 38(6–7):407–419.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2014) Learning through noticing: Theory and evidence from a field experiment. Quart. J. Econom. 129(3):1311–1353.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2004) Field experiments. J. Econom. Literature 42(4):1009–1055.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2001) The abuse of power: The pervasive fallacy of power calculations for data analysis. Amer. Statist. 55(1):19–24.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) People management skills, employee attrition, and manager rewards: An empirical analysis. J. Political Econom. 129(1):243–285.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1999) Managerial incentive problems: A dynamic perspective. Rev. Econom. Stud. 66(1):169–182.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2017) Pay for performance and beyond. Amer. Econom. Rev. 107(7):1753–1777.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2012) The behavioralist visits the factory: Increasing productivity using simple framing manipulations. Management Sci. 58(12):2151–2167.Link, Google Scholar
- (2008) How often should you open the door? Optimal monitoring to screen heterogeneous agents. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 67(3–4):820–831.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1997) The effects of human resource management practices on productivity: A study of steel finishing lines. Amer. Econom. Rev. 87:291–313.Google Scholar
- (2015) Hidden benefits of reward: A field experiment on motivation and monetary incentives. Eur. Econom. Rev. 76:188–199.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2000) Performance pay and productivity. Amer. Econom. Rev. 90(5):1346–1361.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Compensation and incentives in the workplace. J. Econom. Perspect. 32(3):195–214.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2012) Personnel economics. Gibbons R, Roberts J, eds. Handbook of Organizational Economics (Princeton University, Princeton, NJ), 479–519.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2015) The value of bosses. J. Labor Econom. 33(4):823–861.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2015) What field experiments have and have not taught us about managing workers. Oxford Rev. Econom. Policy 30(4):639–657.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2011) Field experiments in labor economics. Ashenfelter O, Card D, eds. Handbook of Labor Economics, vol. 4 (Elsevier), 103–228.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2016) Monetary incentives, feedback, and recognition—Complements or substitutes? Evidence from a field experiment in a retail service company. Accounting. Rev. 91(1):279–297.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) Performance pay and prior learning: Evidence from a retail chain. Management Sci. 67(11):6998–7022.Link, Google Scholar
- (2022) Information, incentives, and attention: A field experiment on the interaction of management controls. IZA Discussion Paper, Rheinische Fachhochschule Cologne, University of Applied Sciences, Köln, Germany.Google Scholar
- (1990) The economics of modern manufacturing: Technology, strategy, and organization. Amer. Econom. Rev. 80(3):511–528.Google Scholar
- (1995) Complementarities and fit strategy, structure, and organizational change in manufacturing. J. Accounting Econom. 19(2–3):179–208.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2002) Monitoring, motivation, and management: The determinants of the opportunistic behavior in a field experiment. Amer. Econom. Rev. 92(4):850–873.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1999) The provision of incentives in firms. J. Econom. Literature 37(1):7–63.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2011) Extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motives: Standard and behavioral approaches to agency and labor markets. Ashenfelter O, Card D, eds. Handbook of Labor Economics, vol. 4 (Elsevier), 701–772.Google Scholar
- (2020) Workplace knowledge flows. Quart. J. Econom. 135(3):1635–1680.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2007) Trust as a signal of a social norm and the hidden costs of incentive schemes. Amer. Econom. Rev. 97(3):999–1012.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2006) Experimental research in managerial accounting. Chapman C, Hopwood A, Shields M, eds. Handbooks of Management Accounting Research, vol. 1, 451–444.Google Scholar
- (2012) Rank as an inherent incentive: Evidence from a field experiment. J. Public Econom. 96(6):645–650.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2015) Money priming can change people’s thoughts, feelings, motivations, and behaviors: An update on 10 years of experiments. J. Experiment. Psych. General 144(4):e86.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2006) The psychological consequences of money. Science 314(5802):1154–1156.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1986) Jackknife, bootstrap and other resampling methods in regression analysis (with discussions). Ann. Statist. 14:1261–1350.Crossref, Google Scholar

