From Black to Gray: Improving Access to Antimalarial Drugs in the Presence of Deceptive Counterfeits

References

• ACTwatch Group, Tougher S, Hanson K, Goodman C (2017) What happened to anti-malarial markets after the Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria pilot? Trends in ACT availability, price and market share from five African countries under continuation of the private sector co-payment mechanism. Malaria J. 16(173):1–18.Google Scholar
• Alizamir S, Iravani F, Mamani H (2019) An analysis of price vs. revenue protection: Government subsidies in the agriculture industry. Management Sci. 65(1):32–49.Link, Google Scholar
• AMFm Independent Evaluation Team (2012) Independent Evaluation of Phase 1 of the Affordable Medicines Facility–Malaria (AMFm) (ICF International and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Calverton, MD).Google Scholar
• Arifoğlu K, Deo S, Iravani SMR (2012) Consumption externality and yield uncertainty in the influenza vaccine supply chain: Interventions in demand and supply sides. Management Sci. 58(6):1072–1091.Link, Google Scholar
• Arrow KJ, Panosian C, Gelband H (2004) Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance (National Academies Press, Washington, DC).Google Scholar
• Brower V (2017) Falsified and substandard malaria drugs in Africa. Lancet 17(10):1026–1027.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chemama J, Cohen MC, Lobel R, Perakis G (2019) Consumer subsidies with a strategic supplier: Commitment vs. flexibility. Management Sci. 65(2):681–713.Link, Google Scholar
• Chick SE, Mamani H, Simchi-Levi D (2008) Supply chain coordination and influenza vaccination. Oper. Res. 56(6):1493–1506.Link, Google Scholar
• Cho SH, Fang X, Tayur S (2015) Combating strategic counterfeiters in licit and illicit supply chains. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 17(3):273–289.Link, Google Scholar
• Chutel L (2017) Africa is the dumping ground for 40% of the world’s reported fake medicines. Accessed August 1, 2022, https://qz.com/africa/1140890/one-in-ten-medical-products-sent-to-developing-countries-are-falsified-or-below-standard-who.Google Scholar
• Cohen J, Dupas P, Schaner SG (2015) Price subsidies, diagnostic tests, and targeting of malaria treatment. Amer. Econom. Rev. 105(2):609–645.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cohen MC, Lobel R, Perakis G (2016) The impact of demand uncertainty on consumer subsidies for green technology adoption. Management Sci. 62(5):1235–1258.Link, Google Scholar
• Dupas P (2014) Short-run subsidies and long-run adoption of new health products: Evidence from a field experiment. Econometrica 82(1):197–228.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Grossman GM, Shapiro C (1988a) Counterfeit-product trade. Amer. Econom. Rev. 78(1):59–75.Google Scholar
• Grossman GM, Shapiro C (1988b) Foreign counterfeiting of status goods. Quart. J. Econom. 103(1):79–100.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hu M, Pavlin JM, Shi M (2013) When gray markets have silver linings: All-unit discounts, gray markets, and channel management. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 15(2):250–262.Link, Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Pan K, Peng D, Stergachis A (2018) A qualitative assessment of the challenges of WHO prequalification for anti-malarial drugs in China. Malaria J. 17(149):1–7.Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs (2004) Saving lives, buying time: Economics of malaria drugs in an age of resistance. Accessed August 15, 2022, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215632/.Google Scholar
• Levi R, Perakis G, Romero G (2017) On the effectiveness of uniform subsidies in increasing market consumption. Management Sci. 63(1):40–57.Link, Google Scholar
• Mackey TK, Nayyar G (2017) A review of existing and emerging digital technologies to combat the global trade in fake medicines. Expert Opinion Drug Safety 16(5):587–602.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mulligan JA, Yukich J, Hanson K (2008) Costs and effects of the Tanzanian national voucher scheme for insecticide-treated nets. Malaria J. 7(32):1–10.Google Scholar
• Newton PN, Green MD, Mildenhall DC, Plançon A, Nettey H, Nyadong L, Hostetler DM, et al. (2011) Poor quality vital anti-malarials in Africa—An urgent neglected public health priority. Malaria J. 10(352):1–22.Google Scholar
• Nyqvist MB, Svensson J, Yanagizawa-Drott D (2022) Can good products drive out bad? A randomized intervention in the antimalarial medicine market in Uganda. J. Eur. Econom. Assoc. 20(3):957–1000.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Olsder W, Martagan T, Tang CS (2023) Improving access to rare disease treatments: Optimal subsidies, pricing, and payment. Management Sci. 69(9):5256–5274.Link, Google Scholar
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2020) Trade in counterfeit pharmaceutical products. Accessed January 5, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1787/a7c7e054-en.Google Scholar
• Palafox B, Patouillard E, Tougher S, et al. (2016) Prices and mark-ups on antimalarials: Evidence from nationally representative studies in six malaria-endemic countries. Health Policy Planning 31(2):148–160.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Patouillard E, Hanson K, Kleinschmidt I, et al. (2015) Determinants of price setting decisions on anti-malarial drugs at retail shops in Cambodia. Malaria J. 14(224):1–12.Google Scholar
• PBS NewsHour (2009) Fake and substandard drugs threaten malaria treatment in Cambodia. Accessed February 20, 2022, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/health-july-dec09-malaria_0724.Google Scholar
• Roser M (2022) Malaria: One of the leading causes of child deaths, but progress is possible and you can contribute to it. Our World in Data. Accessed June 2, 2022, https://ourworldindata.org/malaria-introduction.Google Scholar
• Shibeshi W, Alemkere G, Mulu A, Engidawork E (2021) Efficacy and safety of artemisinin-based combination therapies for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in pediatrics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infectious Diseases 21(326):1–12.Google Scholar
• Silverman R, Keller JM, Glassman A, Chalkidou K (2019) Making sense of global health product markets: An economics-based framework. Silverman R, Keller JM, Glassman A, Chalkidou K, eds. Tackling the Triple Transition in Global Health Procurement, vol. 2 (Center for Global Development, Washington, DC), 11–30.Google Scholar
• Sun J, Debo L, Kekre S, Xie J (2010) Component-based technology transfer: Balancing cost saving and imitation risk. Management Sci. 56(3):536–552.Link, Google Scholar
• Tang CS, Wang Y, Zhao M (2024) The impact of input and output farm subsidies on farmer welfare, income disparity, and consumer surplus. Management Sci. 70(5):3144–3161. Link, Google Scholar
• Taylor TA, Xiao W (2014) Subsidizing the distribution channel: Donor funding to improve the availability of malaria drugs. Management Sci. 60(10):2461–2477.Link, Google Scholar
• Tougher S, Ye Y, ACTwatch Group, et al. (2012) Effect of the Affordable Medicines Facility–Malaria (AMFm) on the availability, price, and market share of quality-assured artemisinin-based combination therapies in seven countries: A before-and-after analysis of outlet survey data. Lancet 380(12):1916–1926.Crossref, Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2017) Global Surveillance and Monitoring System for Substandard and Falsified Medical Products (World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland).Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2020a) WHO calls for reinvigorated action to fight malaria. World Health Organization. Accessed November 22, 2022, https://www.who.int/news/item/30-11-2020-who-calls-for-reinvigorated-action-to-fight-malaria.Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2020b) World Malaria Report: 2020 (World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland).Crossref, Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2021) Quality assurance. Accessed November 29, 2022, https://www.who.int/about/accountability/procurement/quality-assurance.Google Scholar
• Yadav P, Cohen JL, Alphs S, et al. (2012) Trends in availability and prices of subsidized ACT over the first year of the AMFm: Evidence from remote regions of Tanzania. Malaria J. 11(299):1–11.Google Scholar
• Yao S, Zhu K, Yang R (2025) Combating counterfeit products: Anti-counterfeiting technology and law enforcement. Production Oper. Management 34(11):3493–3512.Google Scholar
• Yi Z, Yu M, Cheung KL (2022) Impacts of counterfeiting on a global supply chain. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 24(1):159–178.Link, Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Hong LJ, Zhang RQ (2012) Fighting strategies in a market with counterfeits. Ann. Oper. Res. 192(1):49–66.Crossref, Google Scholar