The Deterrence Effects of Tax Whistleblower Laws: Evidence from New York’s False Claims Acts
References
- (2016) Explaining causal findings without bias: Detecting and assessing direct effects. Amer. Political Sci. Rev. 110(3):512–529.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Whistleblower yanks back rug to expose alleged dirt of Moody’s captive insurance company. Forbes (September 5), https://www.forbes.com/sites/jayadkisson/2018/09/05/whistlerblower-yanks-back-rug-to-expose-alleged-dirt-of-moodys-captive-insurance-company/?sh=323b6bdc6cae.Google Scholar
- (2012) New York probes private-equity tax practices. Wall Street Journal (September 3), https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443571904577629831800831466.Google Scholar
- (2018) The option to quit: The effect of employee stock options on turnover. J. Financial Econom. 127(1):136–151.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1972) Income tax evasion: A theoretical analysis. J. Public Econom. 1(3–4):323–338.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) Census of regulatory restrictions. New York False Claims Act. Accessed May 6, 2023, https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/2022-08/nyfca.pdf.Google Scholar
- (2022) How much should we trust staggered difference-in-differences estimates? J. Financial Econom. 144(2):370–395.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2019) Tax aggressiveness and corporate transparency. Accounting Rev. 94(1):45–69.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1968) Crime and punishment: An economic approach. J. Political Econom. 76(2):169–217.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2019) Whistle blowing, forced CEO turnover, and misconduct: The role of socially minded employees and directors. Management Sci. 66(1):24–42.Link, Google Scholar
- Berg & Androphy (2019) The tax provisions of the New York False Claims Act: How far can they go? Accessed May 6, 2023, https://www.bafirm.com/2019/11/the-tax-provisions-of-the-new-york-false-claims-act-how-far-can-they-go/.Google Scholar
- (2022) Did the Dodd–Frank whistleblower provision deter accounting fraud? J. Accounting Res. 60(4):1337–1378.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1998) Vertical externalities in tax setting: Evidence from gasoline and cigarettes. J. Public Econom. 70(3):383–398.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) California, Michigan, D.C. eye revenue from tax whistleblowers. Bloomberg Tax (February 20), https://news.bloombergtax.com/daily-tax-report-state/california-michigan-d-c-eye-revenue-from-tax-whistleblowers.Google Scholar
- (2011) NY hopes incentive will help blow the whistle on tax cheats. Syracuse Post-Standard (January 9), https://www.syracuse.com/news/2011/01/ny_hopes_new_law_wets_your_whi.html.Google Scholar
- (2007) Qui tam provisions and the public interest: An empirical analysis. Columbia Law Rev. 107(4):949–1001.Google Scholar
- (2017) Policy brief: A snapshot of New York Regulation in 2017. Accessed September 10, 2023, https://www.mercatus.org/research/policy-briefs/snapshot-new-york-regulation-2017.Google Scholar
- Business Roundtable (2019) Reducing regulatory overlap in the 21st century. Accessed August 5, 2024, https://www.businessroundtable.org/policy-perspectives/smart-regulation/overlapping-agency-jurisdiction.Google Scholar
- (2019) Motivating whistleblowers. Management Sci. 66(2):605–621.Link, Google Scholar
- (2016) Rank and file employees and the discovery of misreporting: The role of stock options. J. Accounting Econom. 62(2–3):277–300.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) Tone at the bottom: Measuring corporate misconduct risk from the text of employee reviews. Management Sci. 68(9):7034–7053.Link, Google Scholar
- (2019) Employee stock option exercise and firm cost. J. Finance 74(3):1175–1216.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Do analysts matter for corporate tax planning? Evidence from a natural experiment. Contemporary Accounting Res. 35(2):794–829.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2019b) Stock liquidity and corporate tax avoidance. Rev. Accounting Stud. 24(1):309–340.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2019a) How does quasi-indexer ownership affect corporate tax planning? J. Accounting Econom. 67(2–3):278–296.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2012) Inquiry on tax strategy adds to scrutiny of finance firms. New York Times (September 2), https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/02/business/inquiry-on-tax-strategy-adds-to-scrutiny-of-finance-firms.html?_r=1.Google Scholar
- (2020) Oh captive! My captive! New York’s qui tam provision for tax is validated in the captive insurance context. Boston College Law Rev. 61(9):193–212.Google Scholar
- Corporate Crime Reporter (2011) NY Attorney General to host false claims conference. 25 Corporate Crime Reporter 22. Accessed August 5, 2024, https://www.corporatecrimereporter.com/falseclaimsny05262011.htm.Google Scholar
- (2003) Vertical fiscal externalities in a federation. J. Public Econom. 87(5–6):917–930.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) How reliably do empirical tests identify tax avoidance? Contemporary Accounting Res. 37(3):1536–1561.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2014) Guess who’s doing “God’s work” advising companies on how to avoid US taxes? Quartz (August 13), https://qz.com/248830/guess-whos-doing-gods-work-advising-companies-on-how-to-avoid-us-taxes/.Google Scholar
- Deloitte (2018) Power and Utilities—Accounting. Financial Reporting, and Tax Research Guide. Report, Deloitte, London.Google Scholar
- (2020) The economic effects of special purpose entities on corporate tax avoidance. Contemporary Accounting Res. 37(3):1562–1597.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) Foreign exchange risk, hedging, and tax-motivated outbound income shifting. J. Accounting Res. 58(4):953–987.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) A conversation on false claims act expansion: Does it make sense? State Tax Notes. Accessed August 19, 2023, https://www.cost.org/globalassets/cost/state-tax-resources-pdf-pages/cost-studies-articles-reports/2020tns29-8.pdf.Google Scholar
- (2007) Wal-Mart cuts taxes by paying rent to itself. Wall Street J. (February 1), https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117027500505994065.Google Scholar
- (2021) The disciplinary effect of social media: Evidence from firms’ responses to Glassdoor reviews. J. Accounting Res. 59(5):1783–1825.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2010) Who blows the whistle on corporate fraud? J. Finance 65(6):2213–2253.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2012) Where do firms manage earnings? Rev. Accounting Stud. 17(3):649–687.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2016) Public pressure and corporate tax behavior. J. Accounting Res. 54(1):147–186.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2013) Exploring the role Delaware plays as a domestic tax haven. J. Financial Econom. 108(3):751–772.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2012) UBS whistleblower awarded $104 million by IRS for helping in Swiss bank probe. Washington Post (September 11), https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/ubs-whistleblower-awarded-104m-by-irs-for-helping-in-swiss-bank-probe/2012/09/11/1a7232a2-fc28-11e1-b153-218509a954e1_story.html.Google Scholar
- (2001) Vertical income tax externalities and fiscal interdependence: Evidence from the US. Regional Sci. Urban Econom. 31(2–3):247–272.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2012) New York probes private equity tax strategy—Source. Reuters (September 1), https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL2E8K12JU/.Google Scholar
- (2022) New York’s false positive: Reforming the false claims act. Tax Notes. Accessed May 6, 2023, https://www.taxnotes.com/special-reports/compliance/new-yorks-false-positive-reforming-false-claims-act/2022/06/09/7djxt.Google Scholar
- (2016) 6 Years of tax qui tams in New York. Tax Notes. Accessed August 5, 2024, https://www.taxnotes.com/tax-notes-state/corporate-taxation/6-years-tax-qui-tams-new-york/2016/06/06/bcnd?highlight=An%20effect%20of%20empowering%20whistleblowers%20is%20that%20fewer%20people%20will%20dare%20to%20cheat%20on%20their%20taxes.Google Scholar
- (2019) Banks as tax planning intermediaries. J. Accounting Res. 57(1):169–209.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Why (and how) states should tax the repatriation why (and how) states should tax the repatriation. State Tax Notes. Accessed August 4, 2024, https://www.taxnotes.com/tax-notes-state/tax-policy/why-and-how-states-should-tax-repatriation/2018/04/23/27x6d.Google Scholar
- (2019) The new qui tam: A model for the enforcement of group rights in a hostile era. Texas Law Rev. 98(3):489–538.Google Scholar
- (2018) HMRC wins £79m tax avoidance case against Goldman Sachs. International Investment Magazine. Accessed May 6, 2023, https://www.internationalinvestment.net/internationalinvestment/news/3505853/hmrc-wins-gbp79m-tax-avoidance-case-goldman-sachs.Google Scholar
- (2018) Using the False Claims Act to close the tax gap. TaxVox. Accessed May 11, 2023, https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox/using-false-claims-act-close-tax-gap.Google Scholar
- (2006) Tax shelters and corporate debt policy. J. Financial Econom. 81(3):563–594.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2014) Incentives for tax planning and avoidance: Evidence from the field. Accounting Rev. 89(3):991–1023.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2014) Qui tam troubles, Part IV: Does New York have an answer? Tax Analysts. Accessed August 5, 2024, https://www.taxnotes.com/tax-notes-today-state/corporate-taxation/qui-tam-troubles-part-iv-does-new-york-have-answer/2014/07/07/1ttc.Google Scholar
- (2010) Interview with William Comiskey, former New York State tax official. Tax Notes. Accessed August 5, 2024, https://www.taxnotes.com/tax-notes-state/personnel-people-biographies/interview-william-comiskey-former-new-york-state-tax-official/2010/11/29/9z9f?highlight=%22False+Claims+Act%22.Google Scholar
- (2009) What does tax aggressiveness signal? Evidence from stock price reactions to news about tax shelter involvement. J. Public Econom. 93(1):126–141.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) U.S. worldwide taxation and domestic mergers and acquisitions. J. Accounting Econom. 66(2–3):419–438.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) The strategic effects of trademark protection. Rev. Financial Stud. 33(4):1848–1877.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2013) Qui tam for tax? Lessons from the states. Columbia Law Rev. 113(7):1897–1937.Google Scholar
- (2020) What do employees know? Evidence from a social media platform. Accounting Rev. 95(2):199–226.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2023) Whistleblowing threat and corporate disclosure. Working paper, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, and Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.Google Scholar
- JD Supra (2015) New York trial court dismisses FCA tax case against Vanguard; determines relator violated confidentiality provisions of state attorney ethics rules. Accessed May 6, 2023, https://www.jdsupra.com/post/contentViewerEmbed.aspx?fid=3c9396a9-5719-44e4-b955-93a99f4b0817.Google Scholar
- (2014) Much ado about qui tam for state taxes. State Tax Notes. Accessed August 5, 2024, https://www.taxnotes.com/tax-notes-today-state/budgets/much-ado-about-qui-tam-state-taxes/2014/09/03/1wdq?highlight=%93Much%20Ado%20About %20Qui%20Tam%20For%20State%20Taxes%22.Google Scholar
- (2018) The state AG report weekly update. Lexology. Accessed August 5, 2024, https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=95031f91-d1d5-4688-b48c-5922eb6951bc.Google Scholar
- (1998) Vertical tax externalities in the theory of fiscal federalism. Internat. Monetary Fund Staff Papers 45(3):454–485.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2017) Institutional ownership and corporate tax avoidance: New evidence. Accounting Rev. 92(2):101–122.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2012) Are US multinational corporations becoming more aggressive income shifters? J. Accounting Res. 50(5):1245–1285.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2012) Stateless income’s challenge to tax policy, part 2. Tax Notes. Accessed August 5, 2024, https://www.taxnotes.com/tax-notes-today-federal/corporate-taxation/stateless-incomes-challenge-tax-policy/2011/09/06/vzbc.Google Scholar
- (2011) Unwilling or unable to cheat? Evidence from a tax audit experiment in Denmark. Econometrica 79(3):651–692.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) State false claims acts: “Knowing” why they matter for tax professionals. Inside SALT. Accessed August 5, 2024, https://www.insidesalt.com/2022/05/state-false-claims-acts-knowing-why-they-matter-for-tax-professionals/.Google Scholar
- Laplante SK, Lynch DP, Vernon ME (2021) Internal information quality and state tax planning. Contemporary Accounting Res. 38(4):2589–2621.Google Scholar
- Law 360 (2015) Using the New York FCA to combat offshore tax evasion. Law360. Accessed August 5, 2024, https://www.law360.com/articles/641837/using-the-new-york-fca-to-combat-offshore-tax-evasion.Google Scholar
- (2021) The effects of tax avoidance news on employee perceptions of managers and firms: Evidence from Glassdoor.com ratings. Accounting Rev. 96(3):343–372.Crossref, Google Scholar
- Lynyak J (2022) CFPB expansion of states’ enforcement authority may be lllegal. Bloomberg Law (June 10), https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/cfpb-expansion-of-states-enforcement-authority-may-be-illegal.Google Scholar
- (2023) Cluster-robust inference: A guide to empirical practice. J. Econometrics 232(2):272–299.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2013) A decade of lessons from litigating state tax False Claims Act cases. State Tax Notes. Accessed August 5, 2024, https://www.taxnotes.com/tax-notes-state/litigation-and-appeals/decade-lessons-litigating-state-tax-false-claims-act-cases/2013/10/14/b5nh?highlight=%22A%20Decade%20of%20Lessons%20From%20Litigating%20State%20Tax%20False%20Claims%20Act%20Cases%22.Google Scholar
- (2007) New research shows Wal-Mart rigs the system to skip out on $2.3 billion in state taxes. Citizens for Tax Justice. Accessed May 6, 2023, https://ctj.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/pdf/walmart041607.pdf.Google Scholar
- New York Attorney General’s Office (2018) A.G. Underwood and Acting Tax Commissioner Manion announce record $330 million settlement with Sprint in groundbreaking False Claims Act Litigation involving unpaid sales tax. New York State Attorney General. Accessed May 6, 2023, https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2018/ag-underwood-and-acting-tax-commissioner-manion-announce-record-330-million.Google Scholar
- New York Attorney General’s Office (2021) Attorney General James and NYC Corporation Counsel Johnson announce recovery of $105 million from hedge fund manager who evaded taxes. Accessed August 5, 2024, https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2021/attorney-general-james-and-nyc-corporation-counsel-johnson-announce-recovery-105.Google Scholar
- New York City Bar (2024) Contingency fees. Accessed August 5, 2024, https://www.nycbar.org/get-legal-help/article/personal-injury-and-accidents/contingency-fees/.Google Scholar
- (2011) Calling all tax whistleblowers—New York wants you! Tax Analysts. Accessed August 5, 2024, https://www.axnotes.com/tax-notes-today-state/litigation-and-appeals/calling-all-tax-whistleblowers-new-york-wants-you/2011/01/31/2xzd.Google Scholar
- NYSBA (2022) Re: Application of New York False Claims Act to tax controversies. State Tax Notes. Accessed August 5, 2024, https://www.taxnotes.com/tax-notes-today-state/legislation-and-lawmaking/nysba-report-addresses-new-york-false-claims-act/2022/12/20/7fgyr?highlight=%22Application%20of%20New%20York%20False%20Claims%20Act%20to%20Tax%20Controversies%22.Google Scholar
- (2016) U.S. tax agency investigates Facebook’s Ireland asset transfer. Reuters (July 8), https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-tax/u-s-tax-agency-investigates-facebooks-ireland-asset-transfer-idUSKCN0ZN1IU.Google Scholar
- (2017) New York’s tax whistleblower law: The current state of play. J. Multistate Taxation Incentives 27(4):39–41.Google Scholar
- (2012) Equity risk incentives and corporate tax aggressiveness. J. Accounting Res. 50(3):775–810.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Corporate taxes and vertical tax externalities: Evidence from narrative federal tax shocks. Regional Sci. Urban Econom. 68:84–97.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) A new species of enforcement? Tax Notes. Accessed August 5, 2024, https://www.taxnotes.com/featured-analysis/new-species-enforcement/2022/10/20/7f7pp.Google Scholar
- (2000) Muddy waters, blue skies: Civil liability under the Mississippi Securities Act. Mississippi Law J. 70:683–742.Google Scholar
- (2010) Senator Eric. T. Schneiderman shepherds historic anti-fraud taxpayer protection measure through legislature. New York State Senate. Accessed May 6, 2023, https://www.nysenate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/eric-t-schneiderman/senator-eric-t-schneiderman-shepherds-historic-anti.Google Scholar
- (2021) Relator supports transfer of qui tam suit against Credit Suisse. Tax Notes. Accessed August 5, 2024, https://www.taxnotes.com/research/federal/other-documents/other-court-documents/relator-supports-transfer-of-qui-tam-suit-against-credit-suisse/7cn66.Google Scholar
- (2021) JPMorgan French tax-fraud case for $30 million. Bloomberg (September 2), https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-02/jpmorgan-settles-tax-fraud-case-linked-to-wendel-for-30-million?embedded-checkout=true.Google Scholar
- (2011) The empire state strikes back. Law360. Accessed July 21, 2023, https://www.gibsondunn.com/wp-content/uploads/documents/publications/SouthwellSandersonGrysman-TheEmpireStateStrikesBack.pdf.Google Scholar
- State of New York et al v. Egon Zehnder International, Inc. et al. (2021) Coverage. Accessed May 6, 2023, https://www.law360.com/tax-authority/cases/611abc490613b601f5baa727?article_sidebar=1.Google Scholar
- (2003) Introduction to special purpose entities. Presentation to the Federal Reserve Conference on Bank Structure and Supervision. Accessed August 5, 2024, https://www.tavakolistructuredfinance.com/special-purpose-entities/.Google Scholar
- (2015) Hidden risks in exploiting intellectual property to avoid corporate taxes. Arizona State Law Rev. 47(4):1425–1444.Google Scholar
- (2014) Not just whistling dixie: The case for tax whistleblowers in the states. Villanova Law Rev. 59(3):425–502.Google Scholar
- (2017) Stitches for snitches: Lawyers as whistleblowers. UC Davis Law Rev. 50(4):1455.Google Scholar
- (2019) False claims in fight over California’s False Claims Act. Tax Notes. Accessed August 5, 2024, https://www.taxnotes.com/tax-notes-state/information-disclosure/false-claims-fight-over-californias-false-claims-act/2019/11/04/2b0t3?highlight=%22False%20Claims%20in%20Fight%20Over%20California%27s%20False%20Claims%20Act%22.Google Scholar
- (2013) How protégé sank star tailor. New York Post (March 10), https://nypost.com/2013/03/10/how-protege-sank-star-tailor/.Google Scholar
- (2019) State tax conformity a year after federal tax reform. Tax Foundation. Accessed May 6, 2023, https://taxfoundation.org/state-conformity-one-year-after-tcja/.Google Scholar
- (2011) New York’s false claims act—Good or bad tax administration? Tax Analysts. Accessed May 6, 2023, https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/tax/articles/tax-analyst-new-york-false-claims-act-good-or-bad-tax-administration.html.Google Scholar
- (2017) The deterrent effect of employee whistleblowing on firms’ financial misreporting and tax aggressiveness. Accounting Rev. 92(5):247–280.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) DC taxpayers face more scrutiny under new False Claims Act. Troutman Pepper. Accessed May 6, 2023, https://www.troutman.com/insights/dc-taxpayers-face-more-scrutiny-under-new-false-claims-act.html.Google Scholar
- (1983) Taxes and firm size. J. Accounting Econom. 5:119–149.Crossref, Google Scholar

