The Spillover Effect of Suspending Nonessential Surgery: Evidence from Kidney Transplantation

References

• Alagoz O, Maillart LM, Schaefer AJ, Roberts MS (2004) The optimal timing of living-donor liver transplantation. Management Sci. 50(10):1420–1430.Link, Google Scholar
• Allon G, Federgruen A (2008) Service competition with general queueing facilities. Oper. Res. 56(4):827–849.Link, Google Scholar
• Arıkan M, Ata B, Friedewald JJ, Parker RP (2018) Enhancing kidney supply through geographic sharing in the United States. Production Oper. Management 27(12):2103–2121.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Arora P, Subramanian R (2019) Improving societal outcomes in the organ donation value chain. Production Oper. Management 28(8):2110–2131.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ata B, Ding Y, Zenios S (2021) An achievable-region-based approach for kidney allocation policy design with endogenous patient choice. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 23(1):36–54.Link, Google Scholar
• Ata B, Friedewald JJ, Randa AC (2018) Organ transplantation. Dai T, Tayur S, eds. Handbook of Healthcare Analytics: Theoretical Minimum for Conducting 21st Century Research on Healthcare Operations (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ), 187–215.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ata B, Friedewald JJ, Randa AC (2020) Structural estimation of kidney transplant candidates’ quality of life scores: Improving national kidney allocation policy under endogenous patient choice and geographical sharing. Working paper, University of Chicago, Chicago.Google Scholar
• Ata B, Skaro A, Tayur S (2017) OrganJet: Overcoming geographical disparities in access to deceased donor kidneys in the United States. Management Sci. 63(9):2776–2794.Link, Google Scholar
• Aubert O, Reese PP, Audry B, Bouatou Y, Raynaud M, Viglietti D, Legendre C, et al. (2019) Disparities in acceptance of deceased donor kidneys between the United States and France and estimated effects of increased U.S. acceptance. JAMA Internal Medicine 179(10):1365–1374. Crossref, Google Scholar
• August P, Suthanthiran M (2017) Sex and kidney transplantation: Why can’t a woman be more like a man? J. Amer. Soc. Nephrology 28(10):2829–2831.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Axelrod K (2021) Staffing issues facing transplant centers in 2021 and how to tackle them. Accessed May 13, 2026, https://web.archive.org/web/20250321195159/ https://caredx.com/transplant-professionals/staffing-issues-facing-transplant-centers-in-2021-and-how-to-tackle-them/.Google Scholar
• Baker AC, Larcker DF, Wang CC (2022) How much should we trust staggered difference-in-differences estimates? J. Financial Econom. 144(2):370–395.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Baron RM, Kenny DA (1986) The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 51(6):1173–1182. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Berry Jaeker JA, Tucker AL (2020) The value of process friction: The role of justification in reducing medical costs. J. Oper. Management 66(1–2):12–34.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bertsimas D, Farias VF, Trichakis N (2013) Fairness, efficiency, and flexibility in organ allocation for kidney transplantation. Oper. Res. 61(1):73–87.Link, Google Scholar
• Betcheva L, Erhun F, Feylessoufi A, Fryers P, Gonçalves P, Jiang H, Kattuman P, et al. (2024) An adaptive research approach to COVID-19 forecasting for regional health systems in England. INFORMS J. Appl. Anal. 54(6):500–516.Link, Google Scholar
• Birge JR, Candogan O, Feng Y (2022) Controlling epidemic spread: Reducing economic losses with targeted closures. Management Sci. 68(5):3175–3195.Link, Google Scholar
• Callaway B, Sant’Anna PH (2021) Difference-in-differences with multiple time periods. J. Econometrics 225(2):200–230.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cengiz D, Dube A, Lindner A, Zipperer B (2019) The effect of minimum wages on low-wage jobs. Quart. J. Econom. 134(3):1405–1454.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (2020) CMS adult elective surgery and procedures recommendations. https://go.cms.gov/3wp4Agf.Google Scholar
• Chen XA, Wang R, Zhang J (2022) Divide and conquer: A hygienic, efficient, and reliable assembly line for housekeeping. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 24(2):938–955.Link, Google Scholar
• Conti R, Valentini G (2018) Super partes? Assessing the effect of judicial independence on entry. Management Sci. 64(8):3517–3535.Link, Google Scholar
• Cui R, Ding H, Zhu F (2022) Gender inequality in research productivity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 24(2):707–726.Link, Google Scholar
• Dai T, Singh S (2025) Overdiagnosis and undertesting for infectious diseases. Marketing Sci. 44(2):353–373.Link, Google Scholar
• Dai T, Tayur S (2020) Healthcare operations management: A snapshot of emerging research. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 22(5):869–887.Link, Google Scholar
• Dai T, Zheng R, Sycara K (2020) Jumping the line, charitably: Analysis and remedy of donor-priority rule. Management Sci. 66(2):622–641.Link, Google Scholar
• Di Giuli A, Garel A, Michaely R, Romec A (2026) Climate change and mutual fund voting on climate proposals. Management Sci. 72(2):1253–1276.Link, Google Scholar
• Ding Y, Ge D, He S, Ryan CT (2018) A nonasymptotic approach to analyzing kidney exchange graphs. Oper. Res. 66(4):918–935.Link, Google Scholar
• Elenev V, Quintero L, Rebucci A, Simeonova E (2025) Staggered health policy adoption: Spillover effects and their implications. Management Sci. 71(8):7071–7093.Link, Google Scholar
• Freeman M, Savva N, Scholtes S (2021) Economies of scale and scope in hospitals: An empirical study of volume spillovers. Management Sci. 67(2):673–697.Link, Google Scholar
• Gabler E, Montague Z, Ashford G (2020) During a pandemic, an unanticipated problem: Out-of-work health workers. New York Times (April 3), https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/03/us/politics/coronavirus-health-care-workers-layoffs.html.Google Scholar
• Gentry S, Chow E, Massie A, Segev D (2015) Gerrymandering for justice: Redistricting U.S. liver allocation. Interfaces 45(5):462–480.Link, Google Scholar
• Glied S, Ma S, Solis-Roman C (2016) Where the money goes: The evolving expenses of the US health care system. Health Affairs 35(7):1197–1203.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gondi S, Beckman AL, Deveau N, Raja AS, Ranney ML, Popkin R, He S (2020) Personal protective equipment needs in the USA during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 395(10237):e90–e91.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Goodman-Bacon A (2021) Difference-in-differences with variation in treatment timing. J. Econometrics 225(2):254–277.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Starr MK, Farahani RZ, Asgari N (2022) OM forum—Pandemics/epidemics: Challenges and opportunities for operations management research. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 24(1):1–23.Link, Google Scholar
• Han BR, Sun T, Chu LY, Wu L (2022) COVID-19 and e-commerce operations: Evidence from Alibaba. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 24(3):1388–1405.Link, Google Scholar
• Hasija S, Pinker EJ, Shumsky RA (2008) Call center outsourcing contracts under information asymmetry. Management Sci. 54(4):793–807.Link, Google Scholar
• Hutchinson D (2020) Michigan hospitals don’t plan to shut down elective surgeries again, but it’s a possible last resort. ClickOnDetroit (November 12), https://bit.ly/michiganhospitals2020.Google Scholar
• Jain A, Dai T, Bibee K, Myers CG (2020) COVID-19 created an elective surgery backlog: How can hospitals get back on track? Harvard Bus. Rev. (August 10), https://hbr.org/2020/08/covid-19-created-an-elective-surgery-backlog-how-can-hospitals-get-back-on-track.Google Scholar
• John K, Qi Q, Wang J (2020) Bank integration and the market for corporate control: Evidence from cross-state acquisitions. Management Sci. 66(7):3277–3294.Link, Google Scholar
• KC DS, Staats BR, Kouchaki M, Gino F (2020) Task selection and workload: A focus on completing easy tasks hurts performance. Management Sci. 66(10):4397–4416.Link, Google Scholar
• Kim SH, Zheng F, Brown J (2024) Identifying the bottleneck unit: Impact of congestion spillover in hospital inpatient unit network. Management Sci. 70(7):4200–4218.Link, Google Scholar
• Kizer KW, English RA, Hackmann M, eds. (2022) Realizing the Promise of Equity in the Organ Transplantation System (The National Academies Press, Washington, DC).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Koizumi N, DasGupta D, Patel AV, Smith TE, Mayer JD, Callender C, Melancon JK (2015) Geographic variation in cold ischemia time: Kidney vs. liver transplantation in the United States, 2003–2011. Transplant. Direct 1(7):e27.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kong L (2020) Government spending and corporate innovation. Management Sci. 66(4):1584–1604.Link, Google Scholar
• Kong N, Schaefer AJ, Hunsaker B, Roberts MS (2010) Maximizing the efficiency of the U.S. liver allocation system through region design. Management Sci. 56(12):2111–2122.Link, Google Scholar
• Li ML, Bouardi HT, Lami OS, Trikalinos TA, Trichakis N, Bertsimas D (2023) Forecasting COVID-19 and analyzing the effect of government interventions. Oper. Res. 71(1):184–201.Link, Google Scholar
• Meier-Kriesche HU, Port FK, Ojo AO, Rudich SM, Hanson JA, Cibrik DM, Leichtman AB, Kaplan B (2000) Effect of waiting time on renal transplant outcome. Kidney Internat. 58(3):1311–1317.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Meredith JW, High KP, Freischlag JA (2020) Preserving elective surgeries in the COVID-19 pandemic and the future. JAMA 324(17):1725.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Merola J, Schilsky ML, Mulligan DC (2021) The impact of COVID-19 on organ donation, procurement, and liver transplantation in the United States. Hepatology Comm. 5(1):5–11.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (2020) OPTN data. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/data/about-data/.Google Scholar
• Paavola A (2020) 266 hospitals furloughing workers in response to COVID-19. Becker’s Hospital Rev. (April 7), https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/49-hospitals-furloughing-workers-in-response-to-covid-19/.Google Scholar
• Pekoz EA, Smith A, Tucker A, Zheng Z (2020) COVID-19 symptom web search surges precede local hospitalization surges. Working paper, Boston University, Boston.Google Scholar
• Preacher KJ, Hayes AF (2004) SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behav. Res. Methods Instruments Comput. 36(4):717–731.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Raifman J, Nocka K, Jones DK, Bor J, Lipson SK, Jay J, Cole MB, et al. (2020) COVID-19 US state policy database. Accessed May 13, 2026, https://statepolicies.com/.Google Scholar
• Saghafian S, Imanirad R, Traub S (2020) Do independent and parallel processing physicians influence each other’s performance? Evidence from the emergency department. Working paper, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
• Saghafian S, Song L, Newhouse J, Landrum MB, Hsu J (2023) The impact of vertical integration on physician behavior and healthcare delivery: Evidence from gastroenterology practices. Management Sci. 69(12):7158–7179.Link, Google Scholar
• Sandıkçı B, Maillart LM, Schaefer AJ, Roberts MS (2013) Alleviating the patient’s price of privacy through a partially observable waiting list. Management Sci. 59(8):1836–1854.Link, Google Scholar
• Sanger-Katz M (2020) Why 1.4 million health jobs have been lost during a huge health crisis. New York Times (May 8), https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/08/upshot/health-jobs-plummeting-virus.html.Google Scholar
• Seabrook J (2020) The promise and the peril of virtual health care. New Yorker (June 22), https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/06/29/the-promise-and-the-peril-of-virtual-health-care.Google Scholar
• Shi P, Helm JE, Chen C, Lim J, Parker RP, Tinsley T, Cecil J (2023) Operations (management) warp speed: Rapid deployment of hospital-focused predictive/prescriptive analytics for the COVID-19 pandemic. Production Oper. Management 32(5):1433–1452.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Soltani M, Batt RJ, Bavafa H (2025) Quality improvement spillovers: Evidence from the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program. Management Sci. 71(7):6112–6130.Link, Google Scholar
• Song H, Tucker AL, Murrell KL, Vinson DR (2018) Closing the productivity gap: Improving worker productivity through public relative performance feedback and validation of best practices. Management Sci. 64(6):2628–2649.Link, Google Scholar
• Song H, Ezaz G, Greysen SR, Halpern SD, Kohn R (2020) How hospitals can meet the needs of non-COVID patients during the pandemic. Harvard Bus. Rev. (July 14), https://hbr.org/2020/07/how-hospitals-can-meet-the-needs-of-non-covid-patients-during-the-pandemic.Google Scholar
• Stewart DE, Klassen DK (2017) Early experience with the new kidney allocation system: A perspective from UNOS. Clinical J. Amer. Soc. Nephrology 12(12):2063–2065.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Stidham S (2009) Optimal Design of Queueing Systems (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Su X, Zenios SA (2006) Recipient choice can address the efficiency-equity trade-off in kidney transplantation: A mechanism design model. Management Sci. 52(11):1647–1660.Link, Google Scholar
• Teasdale B, Schulman KA (2020) Are U.S. hospitals still “recession-proof”? New England J. Medicine 383(13):e82.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wang G (2022) Using mobile device data to understand the effect of stay-at-home orders on residents’ mobility. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 24(6):2882–2900.Link, Google Scholar
• Wang G, Zheng R, Dai T (2022) Does transportation mean transplantation? Impact of new airline routes on sharing of cadaveric kidneys. Management Sci. 68(5):3660–3679.Link, Google Scholar
• Wijkstrom M, Hill R, Sood P, Bricker B, Shutterly K, Tevar A, Planinsic R (2014) Multidisciplinary approach leads to significant reduction in cold ischemia time (CIT) of deceased donor renal transplants (DDRT). Transplantation 98(Supplement 1):651. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wing C, Freedman SM, Hollingsworth A (2024) Stacked difference-in-differences. NBER Working Paper No. 32054, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar