The Governance of Nonprofits and Their Social Impact: Evidence from a Randomized Program in Healthcare in the Democratic Republic of Congo

References

• Adam T, Lim SS, Mehta S, Bhutta ZA, Fogstad H, Mathai M, Zupan J, Darmstadt GL (2005) Cost effectiveness analysis of strategies for maternal and neonatal health in developing countries. BMJ 331(7525):1107.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Aguilera R, Florackis C, Kim H (2016) Advancing the corporate governance research agenda. Corporate Governance 24(3):172–180.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Anderson ML (2008) Multiple inference and gender differences in the effects of early intervention: A reevaluation of the abecedarian, Perry preschool, and early training projects. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 103(484):1481–1495.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Anderson SJ, McKenzie D (2022) Improving business practices and the boundary of the entrepreneur: A randomized experiment comparing training, consulting, insourcing, and outsourcing. J. Political Econom. 130(1):157–209.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ashraf N, Bandiera O, Jack BK (2014a) No margin, no mission? A field experiment on incentives for public service delivery. J. Public Econom. 120(6):1–17.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ashraf N, Bandiera O, Lee S (2014b) Awards unbundled: Evidence from a natural field experiment. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 100(4):44–63.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ballesteros L, Gatignon A (2019) The relative value of firm and nonprofit experience: Tackling large-scale social issues across institutional contexts. Strategic Management J. 40(4):631–657.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bandiera O, Larcinese V, Rasul I (2015) Blissful ignorance? A natural experiment on the effect of feedback on students’ performance. Labour Econom. 34(C):13–25.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Basinga P, Gertler PJ, Binagwaho A, Soucat AL, Sturdy J, Vermeersch CM (2011) Effect on maternal and child health services in Rwanda of payment to primary health-care providers for performance: An impact evaluation. Lancet 377(9775):1421–1428.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Battilana J, Dorado S (2010) Building sustainable hybrid organizations: The case of commercial microfinance organizations. Acad. Management J. 53(6):1419–1440.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bebchuk LA, Weisbach MS (2010) The state of corporate governance research. Rev. Financial Stud. 23(3):939–961.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Becht M, Bolton P, Roell A (2003) Corporate governance and control. Constantinides GM, Harris M, Stulz RM, eds. Handbook of the Economics of Finance, vol. 1 (Elsevier, Amsterdam), 1–109.Google Scholar
• Berrone P, Gelabert L, Massa-Saluzzo F, Rousseau HE (2016) Understanding community dynamics in the study of grand challenges: How nonprofits, institutional actors, and the community fabric interact to influence income inequality. Acad. Management J. 59(6):1940–1964.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Berry Jaeker JA, Tucker AL (2016) Past the point of speeding up: The negative effects of workload saturation on efficiency and patient severity. Management Sci. 63(4):1042–1062.Link, Google Scholar
• Bertrand M, Bombardini M, Fisman R, Trebbi F (2020) Tax‐exempt lobbying: Corporate philanthropy as a tool for political influence. Amer. Econom. Rev. 110(7):2065–2102.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Blader S, Gartenberg C, Prat A (2020) The contingent effect of management practices. Rev. Econom. Stud. 87(2):721–749.Google Scholar
• Blimpo MP (2014) Team incentives for education in developing countries: A randomized field experiment in Benin. Amer. Econom. J. Appl. Econom. 6(4):90–109.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bloom N, Van Reenen J (2007) Measuring and explaining management practices across firms and countries. Quart. J. Econom. 122(4):1351–1408.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bloom N, Eifert B, Mahajan A, McKenzie D, Roberts J (2013) Does management matter? Evidence from India. Quart. J. Econom. 128(1):1–51.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bloom N, Brynjolfsson E, Foster L, Jarmin R, Patnaik M, Saporta-Eksten I, Van Reenen J (2019) What drives differences in management practices? Amer. Econom. Rev. 109(5):1648–1683.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bode C, Singh J (2018) Taking a hit to save the world? Employee participation in a corporate social initiative. Strategic Management J. 39(4):1003–1030.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bowles S (2016) The Moral Economy: Why Good Incentives Are No Substitute for Good Citizens (Yale University Press, New Haven, CT).Google Scholar
• Bruhn M, Karlan D, Schoar A (2018) The impact of consulting services on small and medium enterprises: Evidence from a randomized trial in Mexico. J. Political Econom. 126(2):635–687.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bryan KA, Tilsick A, Zhu B (2017) Which entrepreneurs are coachable and why? Amer. Econom. Rev. 107(5):312–316.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burbano VC (2016) Social responsibility messages and worker wage requirements: Field experimental evidence from online labor marketplaces. Organ. Sci. 27(4):1010–1028.Link, Google Scholar
• Cabral S, Mahoney JT, McGahan AM, Potoski M (2019) Value creation and value appropriation in public and nonprofit organizations. Strategic Management J. 40(4):465–475.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cai J, Szeidl A (2018) Interfirm relationships and business performance. Quart. J. Econom. 133(3):1229–1282.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Carnahan S, Kryscynski D, Olson D (2017) When does corporate social responsibility reduce employee turnover? Evidence from attorneys before and after 9/11. Acad. Management J. 60(5):1932–1962.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cassar L (2019) Job mission as a substitute for monetary incentives: Benefits and limits. Management Sci. 65(2):896–912.Link, Google Scholar
• Cassar L, Meier S (2018) Nonmonetary incentives and the implications of work as a source of meaning. J. Econom. Perspect. 32(3):215–238.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cassar L, Meier S (2021) Intentions for doing good matter for doing well: The negative effects of prosocial incentives. Econom. J. 131(637):1988–2017.Google Scholar
• Chatain O, Plaksenkova E (2019) NGOs and the creation of value in supply chains. Strategic Management J. 40(4):604–630.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chatterji A, Delecourt S, Hasan S, Koning R (2019) When does advice impact startup performance? Strategic Management J. 40(3):331–356.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cobb JA, Wry T, Zhao EY (2016) Funding financial inclusion: Institutional logics and the contextual contingency of funding for microfinance organizations. Acad. Management J. 59(6):2103–2131.Crossref, Google Scholar
• De Mel S, McKenzie D, Woodruff C (2014) Business training and female enterprise start-up, growth, and dynamics: Experimental evidence from Sri Lanka. J. Development Econom. 106(C):199–210.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dimitriadis S, Koning R (2022) Social skills improve business performance: Evidence from a randomized control trial with entrepreneurs in Togo. Management Sci. 68(12):8635–8657.Link, Google Scholar
• Dur R, Non A, Roelfsema H (2010) Reciprocity and incentive pay in the workplace. J. Econom. Psych. 31(4):676–686.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Durand R, Huysentruyt M (2022) Communication frames and beneficiary engagement in corporate social initiatives: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial in France. Strategic Management J. 43(9):1823–1853.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Eccles RG, Ioannou I, Serafeim G (2014) The impact of corporate sustainability on organizational processes and performance. Management Sci. 60(11):2835–2857.Link, Google Scholar
• Eichler R, Levine R (2009) Performance Incentives for Global Health: Potential and Pitfalls (Center for Global Development, Washington, DC).Google Scholar
• Fisman R, Hubbard RG (2005) Precautionary savings and the governance of nonprofit organizations. J. Public Econom. 89(11–12):2231–2243.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Flammer C (2015) Does corporate social responsibility lead to superior financial performance? A regression discontinuity approach. Management Sci. 61(11):2549–2568.Link, Google Scholar
• Flammer C, Luo J (2017) Corporate social responsibility as an employee governance tool: Evidence from a quasi-experiment. Strategic Management J. 38(2):163–183.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Flammer C, Hong B, Minor DB (2019) Corporate governance and the rise of integrating corporate social responsibility criteria in executive compensation: Effectiveness and implications for firm outcomes. Strategic Management J. 40(7):1097–1122.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gallus J, Frey BS (2016) Awards: A strategic management perspective. Strategic Management J. 37(8):1699–1714.Crossref, Google Scholar
• George G, Howard-Grenville J, Joshi A, Tihanyi L (2016a) Understanding and tackling societal grand challenges through management research. Acad. Management J. 59(6):1880–1895.Crossref, Google Scholar
• George G, Corbishley C, Khayesi JN, Haas MR, Tihanyi L (2016b) Bringing Africa in: Promising directions for management research. Acad. Management J. 59(2):377–393.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Giorcelli M (2019) The long-term effects of management and technology transfers. Amer. Econom. Rev. 109(1):121–152.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Glaeser EL (2002) The governance of not-for-profit firms. NBER Working Paper No. 8921, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
• Governance Institute (2018) The Distinction Between Management and Governance, 2nd ed. (Governance Institute, Lincoln, NE).Google Scholar
• Gubler T, Larkin I, Pierce L (2016) Motivational spillovers from awards: Crowding out in a multitasking environment. Organ. Sci. 27(2):286–303.Link, Google Scholar
• Gubler T, Larkin I, Pierce L (2017) Doing well by making well: The impact of corporate wellness programs on employee productivity. Management Sci. 64(11):4967–4987.Link, Google Scholar
• Hansmann HB (1980) The role of nonprofit enterprise. Yale Law J. 89(5):835–901.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hanson D, Hitt MA, Ireland RD, Hoskisson RE (2017) Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalisation, 6th ed. (Cengage, Boston).Google Scholar
• Hollowell J, Oakley L, Kurinczuk JJ, Brocklehurst P, Gray R (2011) The effectiveness of antenatal care programmes to reduce infant mortality and preterm birth in socially disadvantaged and vulnerable women in high-income countries: A systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 11(1):13.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Holmstrom B, Milgrom P (1991) Multitask principal-agent analyses: Incentive contracts, asset ownership, and job design. J. Law Econom. Organ. 7:24–52.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Huillery E, Seban J (2021) Financial incentives, efforts, and performances in the health sector: Experimental evidence from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Econom. Development Cultural Change 69(3):1115–1164.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Iacovone L, Maloney W, McKenzie D (2022) Improving management with individual and group-based consulting: Results from a randomized experiment in Colombia. Rev. Econom. Stud. 89(1):346–371.Crossref, Google Scholar
• IEG (2014) World Bank Group Support to Health Financing (World Bank Independent Evaluation Group, Washington, DC).Google Scholar
• Jay J (2013) Navigating paradox as a mechanism of change and innovation in hybrid organizations. Acad. Management J. 56(1):137–159.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kellogg KC (2009) Operating room: Relational spaces and micro-institutional change in surgery. Amer. J. Sociol. 115(3):657–711.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kerber KJ, Mathai M, Lewis G, Flenady V, Erwich JJHM, Segun T, Aliganyira P, et al. (2015) Counting every stillbirth and neonatal death through mortality audit to improve quality of care for every pregnant woman and her baby. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 15(Suppl 2):S9.Crossref, Google Scholar
• King AA, Lenox MJ (2001) Does it really pay to be green? An empirical study of firm environmental and financial performance. J. Indust. Ecology 5(1):105–116.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Krause R, Zhiyan WU, Bruton GD, Carter SM (2019) The coercive isomorphism ripple effect: An investigation of nonprofit interlocks on corporate boards. Acad. Management J. 62(1):283–308.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kremer M, Miguel E, Thornton R (2009) Incentives to learn. Rev. Econom. Statist. 91(3):437–456.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kumar HNH, Baliga SB, Kushtagi P, Kamath N, Rao SS (2022) Perinatal death auditing is necessary to identify preventable perinatal deaths. Internat. J. Preventive Medicine 13:48.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Leete L (2000) Wage equity and employee motivation in nonprofit and for-profit organizations. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 43(4):423–446.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Linden LL, Shastry GK (2012) Grain inflation: Identifying agent discretion in response to a conditional school nutrition program. J. Development Econom. 99(1):128–138.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mair J, Marti I, Ventresca MJ (2012) Building inclusive markets in rural Bangladesh: How intermediaries work institutional voids. Acad. Management J. 55(4):819–850.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mayaka MS, Muvudi Lushimba M, Bertone MP, de Borman N (2011) Le financement basé sur la performance en République Démocratique du Congo: Comparaison de deux expériences pilotes. PBF CoP Working Paper No. WP6, Performance-Based Financing Community of Practice, Antwerp, Belgium.Google Scholar
• McKenzie D (2021) Small business training to improve management practices in developing countries: Reassessing the evidence for “training doesn’t work.” Oxford Rev. Econom. Policy 37(2):276–301.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McKenzie D, Woodruff C (2014) What are we learning from business training evaluations around the developing world? World Bank Res. Observer 29(1):48–82.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McKenzie D, Woodruff C (2017) Business practices in small firms in developing countries. Management Sci. 63(9):2967–2981.Link, Google Scholar
• Milgrom P, Roberts J (1988) Communication and inventories as substitutes in organizing production. Scandinavian J. Econom. 90(3):275–289.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Milgrom P, Roberts J (1990) The economics of modern manufacturing: Technology, strategy, and organization. Amer. Econom. Rev. 80(3):511–528.Google Scholar
• Milgrom P, Roberts J (1995) Complementarities and fit strategy, structure, and organizational change in manufacturing. J. Accounting Econom. 19(2–3):179–208.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Miller G, Babiarz KS (2013) Pay-for-performance incentives in low- and middle-income country health programs. NBER Working Paper No. 18932, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
• Pache AC, Santos F (2013) Inside the hybrid organization: Selective coupling as a response to competing institutional logics. Acad. Management J. 56(4):972–1001.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Paul E, Albert L, N’Sambuka Bisala B, Bodson O, Bonnet E, Bossyns P, Colombo S, et al. (2018) Performance-based financing in low-income and middle-income countries: Isn’t it time for a rethink? BMJ Global Health 3(1):1–7.Crossref, Google Scholar
• PDSS (2016) Manuel Opérationnel du Financement Basé sur la Performance (Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo).Google Scholar
• Quélin BV, Kivleniece I, Lazzarini S (2017) Public-private collaboration, hybridity and social value: Toward new theoretical perspectives. J. Management Stud. 54(6):763–792.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Roth A, Tucker AL, Venkataraman S (2019) Being on the productivity frontier: Identifying “triple aim performance” hospitals. Production Oper. Management 28(9):2165–2183.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rousseau HE, Berrone P, Gelabert L (2019) Localizing sustainable development goals: Nonprofit density and city sustainability. Acad. Management Discoveries 5(4):487–513.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Mamun R, Anwar I (2019) Identifying gaps in primary healthcare policy and governance in low-income and middle-income countries: Protocol for an evidence gap map. BMJ Open 2019(9):1–6.Google Scholar
• Song H, Tucker AL, Murrel KL, Vinson DR (2018) Closing the productivity gap: Improving worker productivity through public relative performance feedback and validation of best practices. Management Sci. 64(6):2628–2649.Link, Google Scholar
• UNICEF (2016) Maternal and Newborn Health Disparities: Democratic Republic of the Congo (UNICEF, New York).Google Scholar
• United Nations (2018) Levels & Trends in Child Mortality (The United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, New York).Google Scholar
• Vakili K, McGahan AM (2016) Healthcare’s grand challenge: Stimulating basic science on diseases that primarily afflict the poor. Acad. Management J. 59(6):1917–1939.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Viscusi WK, Masterman CJ (2017) Income elasticities and global values of a statistical life. J. Benefit Cost Anal. 8(2):226–250.Crossref, Google Scholar
• WHO (2015) Democratic Republic of the Congo: Improving Aid Coordination in the Health Sector (World Health Organization, Geneva).Google Scholar
• WHO (2018) Children: Reducing Mortality (World Health Organization, Geneva).Google Scholar
• WHO (2021) WHO’s 7 Policy Recommendations on Building Resilient Health Systems (World Health Organization, Geneva).Google Scholar
• World Bank (2018) Health System Strengthening for Better Maternal and Child Health Results Project (World Bank, Washington, DC).Google Scholar
• Wrzesniewski A, Schwartz B, Cong X, Kane M, Omar A, Kolditz T (2014) Multiple types of motives don’t multiply the motivation of West Point cadets. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111(30):10990–10995.Crossref, Google Scholar