Gender-Inclusive Language and Economic Decision-Making
References
- (2024) The gender minority gaps in confidence and self-evaluation. NBER Working Paper No. 32061, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
- (2020) Understanding gender differences in leadership. Econom. J. 130(626):263–289.Google Scholar
- (2025) Behaviorally designed training leads to more diverse training. Science 387(6732):364–366.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2023) Languages and future-oriented economic behavior: Experimental evidence for causal effects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 120(7):e2208871120.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2012) Affirmative action policies promote women and do not harm efficiency in the laboratory. Science 335(6068):579–582.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Closing the gender gap in competitiveness through priming. Nature Comm. 9(1):4359.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Laboratory evidence on the effects of sponsorship on the competitive preferences of men and women. Management Sci. 64(2):888–901.Link, Google Scholar
- (2006) Incentives and prosocial behavior. Amer. Econom. Rev. 96(5):1652–1678.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2015) Competitive in the lab, successful in the field? J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 118:303–317.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2001) The gender gap in top corporate jobs. ILR Rev. 55(1):3–21.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2016) Norms in the Wild: How to Diagnose, Measure, and Change Social Norms (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK).Google Scholar
- (2000) Gender differences in pay. J. Econom. Perspect. 14(4):75–99.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2016) When performance trumps gender bias: Joint vs. separate evaluation. Management Sci. 62(5):1225–1234.Link, Google Scholar
- (2018) Gender differences in altruism on Mechanical Turk: Expectations and actual behaviour. Econom. Lett. 170:19–23.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2015) The impact of advice on women’s and men’s selection into competition. Management Sci. 61(5):1018–1035.Link, Google Scholar
- (2014) Gender, competitiveness, and career choices. Quart. J. Econom. 129(3):1409–1447.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2024) Can competitiveness predict education and labor market outcomes? Evidence from incentivized choice and survey measures. Rev. Econom. Statist., ePub ahead of print March 18, https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_01439.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2012) Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
- (2016) Addressing stereotype threat is critical to diversity and inclusion in organizational psychology. Frontiers Psych. 7:8.Google Scholar
- (2021) Prosocial option increases women’s entry into competition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 118(45):e2111943118.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2016) Competing for the benefit of offspring eliminates the gender gap in competitiveness. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113(19):5201–5205.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2013) The effect of language on economic behavior: Evidence from savings rates, health behaviors, and retirement assets. Amer. Econom. Rev. 103(2):690–731.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2016) oTree—An open-source platform for laboratory, online, and field experiments. J. Behav. Experiment. Finance 9:88–97.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) Achieving gender balance at all levels of your company. Harvard Bus. Rev. (November 30), https://hbr.org/2021/11/achieving-gender-balance-at-all-levels-of-your-company.Google Scholar
- (2014) Evidence on self-stereotyping and the contribution of ideas. Quart. J. Econom. 129(4):1625–1660.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2025) Non-binary gender economics. J. Political Economy Microeconomics, Forthcoming.Google Scholar
- (1991) Gender (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2009) Gender differences in preferences. J. Econom. Literature 47(2):448–474.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Gendered language and the educational gender gap. Econom. Lett. 168:46–48.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2017) TOST: Two one-sided tests for equivalence. Stata software package, version 3.1.5.Google Scholar
- (2005) The Psychology of Gender (Guilford Press, New York).Google Scholar
- (2008) Forecasting risk attitudes: An experimental study using actual and forecast gamble choices. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 68(1):1–17.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) The gender leadership gap: Insights from experiments. Chaudhuri A, ed. A Research Agenda for Experimental Economics (Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK), 137–162.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) Leadership selection: Can changing the default break the glass ceiling? Leadership Quart. 33(2):101563.Crossref, Google Scholar
- European Parliament (2018) Gender-neutral language in the European Parliament. Accessed March 23, 2023, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/151780/GNL_Guidelines_EN.pdf.Google Scholar
- (2025) Believed gender differences in social preferences. Quart. J. Econom. 140(1):403–458.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2019) Do female executives make a difference? The impact of female leadership on gender gaps and firm performance. Econom. J. 129(622):2390–2423.Google Scholar
- (2015) Do competitive workplaces deter female workers? A large-scale natural field experiment on job entry decisions. Rev. Econom. Stud. 82(1):122–155.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Neutralising linguistic sexism: Promising but cumbersome? Group Processes Intergroup Relations 21(5):844–858.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2011) Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 101(1):109–128.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2023a) The effects of gendered language on norm compliance. CESifo Working Paper No. 10459, CESifo, Munich, Germany.Google Scholar
- (2023b) He, she, they? The impact of gendered language on economic behavior. CESifo Working Paper No. 10458, CESifo, Munich, Germany.Google Scholar
- (2019) A language index of grammatical gender dimensions to study the impact of grammatical gender on the way we perceive women and men. Frontiers Psych. 10:1604.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2016) The social perception of heroes and murderers: Effects of gender-inclusive language in media reports. Frontiers Psych. 7:369.Google Scholar
- (2017) Innovation with field experiments: Studying organizational behaviors in actual organizations. Res. Organ. Behav. 37:185–198.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2004) Penalties for success: Reactions to women who succeed at male gender-typed tasks. J. Appl. Psych. 89(3):416–427.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Gendered language. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 8464, World Bank, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
- (2021) Can simple advice eliminate the gender gap in willingness to compete? Eur. Econom. Rev. 138:103777.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2011) Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms. Psych. Bull. 137(4):616–642.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2013) Identifying social norms using coordination games: Why does dictator game sharing vary? J. Eur. Econom. Assoc. 11(3):495–524.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Equivalence testing for psychological research: A tutorial. Adv. Methods Practices Psych. Sci. 1(2):259–269.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) Hiring women into senior leadership positions is associated with a reduction in gender stereotypes in organizational language. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 119(9):e2026443119.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) When do we observe a gender gap in competition entry? A meta-analysis of the experimental literature. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 198:139–163.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2015) Gender in language and gender in employment. Oxford Development Stud. 43(4):403–424.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Talking in the present, caring for the future: Language and environment. J. Comparative Econom. 46(4):1370–1387.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2007) Do women shy away from competition? Do men compete too much? Quart. J. Econom. 122(3):1067–1101.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2013) How costly is diversity? Affirmative action in light of gender differences in competitiveness. Management Sci. 59(1):1–16.Link, Google Scholar
- (2017) Preferences and biases in educational choices and labour market expectations: Shrinking the black box of gender. Econom. J. 127(604):2153–2186.Google Scholar
- (2001) Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women. J. Soc. Issues 57(4):743–762.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2008) Backlash effects for disconfirming gender stereotypes in organizations. Res. Organ. Behav. 28:61–79.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2016) Can gender-fair language reduce gender stereotyping and discrimination? Frontiers Psych. 7:25.Google Scholar
- (2019) City of Hanover overhauls gender language in official texts. Accessed March 23, 2023, https://www.dw.com/en/city-of-hanover-overhauls-gender-language-usage-in-official-texts/a-47188002.Google Scholar
- (2021) Testing the waters: Behavior across participant pools. Amer. Econom. Rev. 111(2):687–719.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1999) Stereotype threat and women’s math performance. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 35(1):4–28.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2007) Representation of the sexes in language. Fiedler K, ed. Social Communication (Psychology Press, Hove, UK), 163–187.Google Scholar
- (2011) When he doesn’t mean you: Gender-exclusive language as ostracism. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 37(6):757–769.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Language group differences in time preferences: Evidence from primary school children in a bilingual city. Eur. Econom. Rev. 106:21–34.Crossref, Google Scholar
- United Nations (2018) Guidelines for gender-inclusive language in English. Accessed March 23, 2023, https://www.un.org/en/gender-inclusive-language/guidelines.shtml.Google Scholar
- United Nations (2023) Gender-inclusive language. Accessed March 25, 2023, https://www.un.org/en/gender-inclusive-language/.Google Scholar
- (2020) Four dimensions of criticism against gender-fair language. Sex Roles 83:328–337.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2015) Yes I can! Effects of gender fair job descriptions on children’s perceptions of job status, job difficulty, and vocational self-efficacy. Soc. Psych. 46(2):76–92.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2013) Changing (s)expectations: How gender fair job descriptions impact children’s perceptions and interest regarding traditionally male occupations. J. Vocational Behav. 82(3):208–220.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2015) Warm-hearted businessmen, competitive housewives? Effects of gender-fair language on adolescents’ perceptions of occupations. Frontiers Psych. 6:1437.Google Scholar
- (2012) Ready, steady, compete. Science 335(6068):544–545.Crossref, Google Scholar

