Who Is AI Replacing? The Impact of Generative AI on Online Freelancing Platforms

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2024.05420

References

  • Acemoglu D, Autor D (2011) Skills, tasks and technologies: Implications for employment and earnings. Ashenfelter O, Card D, eds. Handbook of Labor Economics, vol. 4 (Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam), 1043–1171.Google Scholar
  • Acemoglu D, Restrepo P (2018) The race between man and machine: Implications of technology for growth, factor shares, and employment. Amer. Econom. Rev. 108(6):1488–1542.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Acemoglu D, Restrepo P (2019) Automation and new tasks: How technology displaces and reinstates labor. J. Econom. Perspective 33(2):3–30.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Acemoglu D, Restrepo P (2020) Robots and jobs: Evidence from us labor markets. J. Political Econom. 128(6):2188–2244.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Acemoglu D, Lelarge C, Restrepo P (2020) Competing with robots: Firm-level evidence from France. AEA Papers and Proceedings, vol. 110 (American Economic Association, Nashville, TN), 383–388.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Agrawal A, Gans JS, Goldfarb A (2019) Artificial intelligence: The ambiguous labor market impact of automating prediction. J. Econom. Perspective 33(2):31–50.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Agrawal A, Horton J, Lacetera N, Lyons E (2015) Digitization and the contract labor market: A research agenda. Economic Analysis of the Digital Economy (National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Cambridge, MA), 219–250.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Arkhangelsky D, Athey S, Hirshberg DA, Imbens GW, Wager S (2021) Synthetic difference-in-differences. Amer. Econom. Rev. 111(12):4088–4118.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Beerepoot N, Lambregts B (2015) Competition in online job marketplaces: Towards a global labour market for outsourcing services? Global Networks 15(2):236–255.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Blocklove J, Garg S, Karri R, Pearce H (2023) Chip-chat: Challenges and opportunities in conversational hardware design. Proc. ACM/IEEE 5th Workshop Machine Learn. CAD (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ), 1–6.Google Scholar
  • Blondel VD, Guillaume JL, Lambiotte R, Lefebvre E (2008) Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. J. Statist. Mechanics 2008(10):P10008.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Borusyak K, Jaravel X, Spiess J (2021) Revisiting event study designs: Robust and efficient estimation. Preprint, submitted August 27, https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.12419.Google Scholar
  • Brand J, Israeli A, Ngwe D (2023) Using GPT for market research. Preprint, submitted March 30, https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4395751.Google Scholar
  • Brynjolfsson E, Li D, Raymond LR (2023) Generative AI at work. NBER Working Paper No. 31161, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
  • Brynjolfsson E, Rock D, Syverson C (2018) Artificial intelligence and the modern productivity paradox: A clash of expectations and statistics. Agrawal A, Gans J, Goldfarb A, eds. The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda (University of Chicago Press, Chicago), 23–57.Google Scholar
  • Bucaioni A, Ekedahl H, Helander V, Nguyen PT (2024) Programming with ChatGPT: How far can we go? Machine Learn. Appl. 15:100526.Google Scholar
  • Burtch G, Lee D, Chen Z (2023) The consequences of generative AI for UGC and online community engagement. Preprint, submitted July 29, https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4521754.Google Scholar
  • Callaway B, Sant’Anna PH (2021) Difference-in-differences with multiple time periods. J. Econometrics 225(2):200–230.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Chen J, Roth J (2023) Logs with zeros? Some problems and solutions. Quart. J. Econom. 139(2):891–936.Google Scholar
  • Coello CEA, Alimam MN, Kouatly R (2024) Effectiveness of ChatGPT in coding: A comparative analysis of popular large language models. Digital 4(1):114–125.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • De Chaisemartin C, d’Haultfoeuille X (2020) Two-way fixed effects estimators with heterogeneous treatment effects. Amer. Econom. Rev. 110(9):2964–2996.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • del Rio-Chanona M, Laurentsyeva N, Wachs J (2023) Are large language models a threat to digital public goods? Evidence from activity on stack overflow. Preprint, submitted July 14, https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.07367.Google Scholar
  • Dell’Acqua F, McFowland E, Mollick ER, Lifshitz-Assaf H, Kellogg K, Rajendran S, Krayer L, et al. (2023) Navigating the jagged technological frontier: Field experimental evidence of the effects of ai on knowledge worker productivity and quality. Working paper, Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Management Unit, Boston.Google Scholar
  • Dwivedi YK, Kshetri N, Hughes L, Slade EL, Jeyaraj A, Kar AK, Baabdullah AM, et al. (2023) “So what if ChatGPT wrote it?” Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy. Internat. J. Inform. Management 71:102642.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Eisfeldt AL, Schubert G, Zhang MB (2023) Generative AI and firm values. NBER Working Paper No. 31222, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
  • Eloundou T, Manning S, Mishkin P, Rock D (2023) GPTs are GPTs: An early look at the labor market impact potential of large language models. Preprint, submitted March 17, https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10130.Google Scholar
  • Felten E, Raj M, Seamans R (2021) Occupational, industry, and geographic exposure to artificial intelligence: A novel dataset and its potential uses. Strategic Management J. 42(12):2195–2217.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Felten EW, Raj M, Seamans R (2023) Occupational heterogeneity in exposure to generative AI. Preprint, submitted April 19, https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4414065.Google Scholar
  • Goodman-Bacon A (2021) Difference-in-differences with variation in treatment timing. J. Econometrics 225(2):254–277.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Graham M, Anwar MA (2019) The global gig economy: Towards a planetary labour market? First Monday 24(4).Google Scholar
  • Hui X, Reshef O, Zhou L (2023) The short-term effects of generative artificial intelligence on employment: Evidence from an online labor market. Preprint, submitted August 1, https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4527336.Google Scholar
  • Kässi O, Lehdonvirta V (2018) Online labour index: Measuring the online gig economy for policy and research. Tech. Forecasting Soc. Change 137:241–248.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kässi O, Lehdonvirta V, Stephany F (2021) How many online workers are there in the world? A data-driven assessment. Preprint, submitted March 23, https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.12648.Google Scholar
  • Knight S, Bart Y (2023) Generative AI and user-generated content: Evidence from online reviews. Preprint, submitted November 1, https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4621982.Google Scholar
  • Liu J, Xu X, Li Y, Tan Y (2023) “Generate” the future of work through AI: Empirical evidence from online labor markets. Preprint, submitted August 9, https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.05201.Google Scholar
  • Noy S, Zhang W (2023) Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative artificial intelligence. Science 381(6654):187–192.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Pallais A (2014) Inefficient hiring in entry-level labor markets. Amer. Econom. Rev. 104(11):3565–3599.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Peng S, Kalliamvakou E, Cihon P, Demirer M (2023) The impact of ai on developer productivity: Evidence from Github copilot. Preprint, submitted February 13, https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.06590.Google Scholar
  • Qiao D, Rui H, Xiong Q (2023) AI and jobs: Has the inflection point arrived? Evidence from an online labor platform. Preprint, submitted December 7, https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.04180.Google Scholar
  • Sant’Anna PH, Zhao J (2020) Doubly robust difference-in-differences estimators. J. Econometrics 219(1):101–122.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Shan G, Qiu L (2023) Examining the impact of generative AI on users’ voluntary knowledge contribution: Evidence from a natural experiment on stack overflow. Preprint, submitted May 31, https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4462976.Google Scholar
  • Sun L, Abraham S (2021) Estimating dynamic treatment effects in event studies with heterogeneous treatment effects. J. Econometrics 225(2):175–199.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Wiles E, Horton JJ (2023) The impact of ai writing assistance on job posts and the supply of jobs on an online labor market. Working paper, MIT, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
  • Yilmaz ED, Naumovska I, Aggarwal VA (2023) Ai-driven labor substitution: Evidence from google translate and ChatGPT. Preprint, submitted April 17, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4400516.Google Scholar
INFORMS site uses cookies to store information on your computer. Some are essential to make our site work; Others help us improve the user experience. By using this site, you consent to the placement of these cookies. Please read our Privacy Statement to learn more.