Improving Cash-Constrained Smallholder Farmers’ Revenue: The Role of Government Loans
Published Online:23 Mar 2026https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2024.06206
References
- (2017) Awareness about minimum support price and its impact on diversification decision of farmers in India. Asia Pacific Policy Stud. 4(3):514–526.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2016) Agricultural supply chains under government interventions. Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.Google Scholar
- (2019) An analysis of price vs. revenue protection: Government subsidies in the agriculture industry. Management Sci. 65(1):32–49.Link, Google Scholar
- (2021) Incentivizing farmers to invest in quality through quality-based payment. Production Oper. Management 30(10):3812–3830.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2002) Food security and food assistance programs. Handbook of Agricultural Economics, vol. 2 (Elsevier, Amsterdam), 2103–2190.Google Scholar
- (2013) Agricultural Profile of Karnataka State (Agricultural Development and Rural Transformation Centre, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore, India).Google Scholar
- (2022) Agricultural Supply Chain Management Research (Springer, Cham, Switzerland).Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2019) Crop planning in sustainable agriculture: Dynamic farmland allocation in the presence of crop rotation benefits. Management Sci. 65(5):2060–2076.Abstract, Google Scholar
- (2020) The value and cost of crop minimum support price: Farmer and consumer welfare and implementation cost. Management Sci. 67(11):6839–6861.Link, Google Scholar
- (2006) Access to financial services: A review of the issues and public policy objectives. World Bank Res. Obs. 21(2):207–240.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2016) The impact of demand uncertainty on consumer subsidies for green technology adoption. Management Sci. 62(5):1235–1258.Link, Google Scholar
- Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (2016) Report on Price Policy for Rabi Crops for Marketing Season 2017-18 (Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi, India).Google Scholar
- (2015) Optimal land and water resources allocation policies for sustainable irrigated agriculture. Land Use Policy 42:527–537.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2019) Designing contracts and sourcing channels to create shared value. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 21(2):271–289.Link, Google Scholar
- (2018) Sustaining smallholders and rainforests by eliminating payment delay in a commodity supply chain—It takes a village. Working paper, Stanford Graduate School of Business Research Paper, Stanford, CA.Google Scholar
- (2025) Buying cheap: Brand switching during economic distress and its disparate impact on consumers. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 27(2):441–459.Link, Google Scholar
- Economic Times (2021) Over 50 percent agricultural families in debt with average loan of Rs 74,121 in 2019: Survey. Accessed September 23, 2022, https://tinyurl.com/55k5eyk3.Google Scholar
- European Commission (2022) Eu support for small farms. Accessed February 10, 2022, https://tinyurl.com/5n8nfrdh.Google Scholar
- (2024) Output-oriented agricultural subsidy design. Management Sci. 70(3):1448–1464.Link, Google Scholar
- FAO (2022) FAO policy brief on food price volatility and domestic stabilization policies. Accessed February 13, 2025, https://tinyurl.com/2n6astu8.Google Scholar
- Federal Bank (2021) Loan against warehouse receipts. Accessed January 10, 2021, https://www.federalbank.co.in/ewhr.Google Scholar
- (2019) Supply chain analysis of contract farming. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 21(2):361–378.Link, Google Scholar
- (2014) Smallholder farmers and collective action: What determines the intensity of participation? J. Agric. Econom. 65(3):683–702.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2007) Horizontal coordination and free-riding in a group of certified organic crop growers: An empirical study of the Ezemvelo farmers’ organization in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. African J. Agric. Res. Econom. 1(2):129–144.Google Scholar
- (2021) An economic analysis of agricultural support prices in developing economies. Production Oper. Management 30(9):3036–3053.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) Optimal market-integration decisions by policymakers: Modeling and analysis of agriculture market data. Oper. Res. 70(1):352–362.Link, Google Scholar
- (2017) Distressed selling by farmers: Model, analysis, and use in policy‐making. Production Oper. Management 26(10):1803–1818.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2011) High global food prices–Crisis or opportunity for smallholder farmers in Tanzania? Dev. Pract. 21(4–5):652–665.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1929) Stability in competition. Econom. J. 39(153):41–57.Google Scholar
- (2019) Socially beneficial rationality: The value of strategic farmers, social entrepreneurs, and for-profit firms in crop planting decisions. Management Sci. 65(8):3654–3672.Link, Google Scholar
- (2015) Capacity investment in renewable energy technology with supply intermittency: Data granularity matters!. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 17(4):480–494.Link, Google Scholar
- IFAD (2021) Zimbabwe and IFAD join forces to transform small-scale agriculture. Accessed February 10, 2022, https://tinyurl.com/3dy36x9b.Google Scholar
- International Finance Corporation (2014) Access to Finance for Smallholder Farmers (International Finance Corporation, Washington, DC).Google Scholar
- KP Narayana Kumar (2015) Why crop insurance schemes fail poor farmers when they are needed the most. Accessed November 28, 2023, https://tinyurl.com/4htwear4.Google Scholar
- (1996) Using warehouse receipts in developing and transition economies. Finance Development 33:36–39.Google Scholar
- (2018) The role of supply-chain initiatives in reducing deforestation. Nature Climate Change 8(2):109–116.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020a) Economically motivated adulteration in farming supply chains. Management Sci. 66(1):209–226.Link, Google Scholar
- (2021) Artificial shortage in agricultural supply chains. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 24(2):746–765.Link, Google Scholar
- (2020b) The impact of unifying agricultural wholesale markets on prices and farmers’ profitability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 117(5):2366–2371.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2024) Improving farmers’ income on online agri-platforms: Evidence from the field. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 27(6):1683–1700.Link, Google Scholar
- (2019) Information provision policies for improving farmer welfare in developing countries: Heterogeneous farmers and market selection. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 21(2):254–270.Link, Google Scholar
- (2019) Money well spent? Operations, mainstreaming, and fairness of fair trade. Production Oper. Management 28(12):3023–3041.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2015) The number, size, and distribution of farms, smallholder farms, and family farms worldwide. World Dev. 87:16–29.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) An overview of the post-harvest grain storage practices of smallholder farmers in developing countries. Agriculture 8(4):57.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2023) Pledge financing growing rapidly as adoption of e-negotiable warehouse receipts help double value. Accessed November 2, 2023, https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/pledge-financing-growing-rapidly-as-adoption-of-e-negotiable-warehouse-receipts-help-double-value/article66875395.ece.Google Scholar
- (2018) Farmer’s access to agricultural credit. Internat. J. Res. Social Sci. 8(1):21–29.Google Scholar
- (1999) The microfinance promise. J. Econom. Lit. 37(4):1569–1614.Crossref, Google Scholar
- One Acre Fund (2023) How agriculture financing solutions help families achieve food security. Accessed November 28, 2023, https://tinyurl.com/2v869fdj.Google Scholar
- (2024) Informal cross-border trade in Africa: Operations, policy, and opportunities. Management Sci. 70(10):7142–7160.Link, Google Scholar
- (2016) Is it enough? Evidence from a natural experiment in India’s agriculture markets. Management Sci. 62(9):2481–2503.Link, Google Scholar
- (2012) Small-scale farmers’ decisions in globalised markets: Changes in India, Indonesia and China. Intl. Inst. Environ. Development (November), https://www.iied.org/16519iied.Google Scholar
- (1982) The concept and measurement of horizontal inequity. J. Public Econom. 17(3):373–391.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2011) Nature and Dimensions of Farmers’ Indebtedness in India and Karnataka (Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore, India).Google Scholar
- Reserve Bank of India (2017) Master Circular—Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme. Accessed November 28, 2023, https://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_ViewMasCirculardetails.aspx?id=11034.Google Scholar
- Reuters (2024) Indian government proposes prison terms, fines for illegal lending. Accessed February 27, 2025, https://tinyurl.com/3kdwhfan.Google Scholar
- (2021) A tale of two food chains: The duality of practices on well-being. Production Oper Management 30(3):783–801.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) Farmers to get new varieties of Bengal gram suitable for machine harvesting. Accessed January 10, 2021, https://tinyurl.com/bdy9auvh.Google Scholar
- (2003) Farmers and farmers’ associations in developing countries and their use of modern financial instruments. Accessed December 7, 2023, https://tinyurl.com/443ufn77.Google Scholar
- (2019) Optimal selling policies for farmer cooperatives. Production Oper. Management 28(12):3060–3080.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2014) Subsidizing the distribution channel: Donor funding to improve the availability of malaria drugs. Management Sci. 60(10):2461–2477.Link, Google Scholar
- The Hindu (2020) Farmers launch indefinite dharma seeking MSP. Accessed January 10, 2021, https://tinyurl.com/ycyhmt4v.Google Scholar
- Uganda Microfinance Regulatory Authority (2016) Tier 4 microfinance institutions and money lenders act, 2016. Accessed February 27, 2025, https://tinyurl.com/bdc5t3z7.Google Scholar
- Union Bank of India (2021) Purchase of land for agri purpose. Accessed January 10, 2021, https://tinyurl.com/6adh9sjn.Google Scholar
- Union Bank of India (2022) Finance against ware house receipt. Accessed November 28, 2023, https://tinyurl.com/3esxct9u.Google Scholar
- United Nations Environment Programme (2013) Smallholder farmers key to lifting over one billion people out of poverty. Accessed January 10, 2023, https://tinyurl.com/2h4vy384.Google Scholar
- USDA (2022) Beginning farmers and ranchers loans. Accessed February 10, 2022, https://tinyurl.com/4mw4kucz.Google Scholar
- (2020) Sowing seeds of doubt: Farm bills leave farmers, commission agents and workers worried. Accessed January 10, 2021, https://tinyurl.com/5f8es58t.Google Scholar
- World Bank (2013) Food price volatility and domestic stabilization policies in developing countries. Accessed February 13, 2025, https://tinyurl.com/3c57nz8p.Google Scholar
- (2022) Reining in onion prices by introducing a vertically differentiated substitute: Models, analysis, and insights. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 24(6):3283–3305.Link, Google Scholar
- (2021) Financing an agricultural supply chain with a capital‐constrained smallholder farmer in developing economies. Production Oper. Management 30(7):2102–2121.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) Improved crop productivity through optimized planting schedules. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 22(6):1165–1180.Link, Google Scholar

