Evolution of Ride Services: From Ride Hailing to Autonomous Vehicles
Published Online:30 Apr 2026https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2025.02733
References
- (2022) Motional launches first Uber robotaxi service in Las Vegas. https://www.forbes.com.Google Scholar
- (2023) Ride-hailing networks with strategic drivers: The impact of platform control capabilities on performance. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 25(5):1890–1908.Google Scholar
- (2008) Capacity investment under postponement strategies, market competition, and demand uncertainty. Management Sci. 54(11):1876–1890.Link, Google Scholar
- (2006) Competition in two-sided markets. RAND J. Econom. 37(3):668–691.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2013) Licensing and competition for services in open source software. Inform. Systems Res. 24(4):1068–1086.Link, Google Scholar
- (2018) Generating value through open source: Software service market regulation and licensing policy. Inform. Systems Res. 29(1):186–205.Link, Google Scholar
- (2018) Can two competing on-demand service platforms be profitable? Preprint, submitted November 16, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3282395.Google Scholar
- (2019) Coordinating supply and demand on an on-demand service platform with impatient customers. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 21(3):556–570.Link, Google Scholar
- Baidu (2024) Baidu launches China’s first 24/7 robotaxi service. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/baidu-launches-chinas-first-247-robotaxi-service-302084097.html.Google Scholar
- (1998) Quality and competition. Management Sci. 44(9):1179–1192.Link, Google Scholar
- (2022) Introducing autonomous vehicles: Adoption patterns and impacts on social welfare. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 24(1):352–369.Link, Google Scholar
- (2009) RFQ auctions with supplier qualification screening. Oper. Res. 57(4):934–949.Link, Google Scholar
- (1986) Dynamic model of peak period traffic congestion with elastic arrival rates. Transportation Sci. 20(3):164–181.Link, Google Scholar
- (2021a) Autonomous vehicles for ride-hailing. Preprint, submitted September 10, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3919411.Google Scholar
- (2021b) Labor welfare in on-demand service platforms. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 24(1):110–124.Link, Google Scholar
- (2021) Competition between two-sided platforms under demand and supply congestion effects. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 23(5):1043–1061.Link, Google Scholar
- (2021) Surge pricing and its spatial supply response. Management Sci. 67(3):1350–1367.Link, Google Scholar
- (2019) Spatial pricing in ride-sharing networks. Oper. Res. 67(3):744–769.Link, Google Scholar
- (2024) GM ending Cruise robotaxi program amid “increasingly competitive” market. https://www.axios.com/2024/12/10/gm-cruise-robotaxi-general-motors-self-driving-cars.Google Scholar
- (2017) The role of surge pricing on a service platform with self-scheduling capacity. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 19(3):368–384.Link, Google Scholar
- (2025) Operations management in the sharing economy: Review and new research directions. Preprint, submitted May 7, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5244185.Google Scholar
- (2010) The impact of quick response in inventory-based competition. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 12(3):409–429.Link, Google Scholar
- (2024) Getting out of your own way: Introducing autonomous vehicles on a ride-hailing platform. Production Oper. Management 33(10):2014–2030.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2024) Autonomous vehicles in ride-hailing and the threat of spatial inequalities. Preprint, submitted January 24, 2023, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4332493.Google Scholar
- (2020) OM forum—Innovative online platforms: Research opportunities. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 22(3):430–445.Link, Google Scholar
- (2012) Price and quality competition. J. Econom. 107(1):23–44.Google Scholar
- (2001) Competition and structure in serial supply chains with deterministic demand. Management Sci. 47(7):966–978.Link, Google Scholar
- (2021) Matching technology and competition in ride-hailing marketplaces. Preprint, submitted September 7, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3918009.Google Scholar
- (1986) Long-run competition in capacity, short-run competition in price, and the Cournot model. RAND J. Econom. 17(3):404–415.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1980) The role of investment in entry-deterrence. Econom. J. 90(357):95–106.Google Scholar
- (2021) We are on the way: Analysis of on-demand ride-hailing systems. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 23(5):1237–1256.Link, Google Scholar
- Fortune Business Insights (2025) Robotaxi market. https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/robo-taxi-market-103661.Google Scholar
- (2024) On the supply of autonomous vehicles in platforms. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 28(2):496–516.Google Scholar
- (1982) Oligopoly theory. Handbook of Mathematical Economics, vol. 2 (North-Holland, Amsterdam), 491–534. Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1984) The fat-cat effect, the puppy-dog ploy, and the lean and hungry look. Amer. Econom. Rev. 74(2):361–366.Google Scholar
- (1985) First mover and second mover advantages. Internat. Econom. Rev. 26(3):649–653.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1989) The rate at which a simple market converges to efficiency as the number of traders increases: An asymptotic result for optimal trading mechanisms. J. Econom. Theory 48(1):304–332.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2019) Operations in the on-demand economy: Staffing services with self-scheduling capacity. Sharing Economy, Springer Series in Supply Chain Management, vol. 6 (Springer, New York), 249–278.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2023) Ride-sharing markets re-equiibrate. NBER Working Paper No. 30883, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
- (1996) Allocations of sunk capacity costs and joint costs in a linear principal-agent model. Accounting Rev. 71(3):419–432.Crossref, Google Scholar
- Hu M, ed. (2019) Sharing Economy: Making Supply Meet Demand, Springer Series in Supply Chain Management, vol. 6 (Springer, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2023) Precommitments in two-sided market competition. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 25(2):704–718.Link, Google Scholar
- (2023) Uber drivers say they are struggling: “This is not sustainable.” https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/12/nyregion/cab-uber-lyft-drivers.html.Google Scholar
- (1985) Network externalities, competition, and compatibility. Amer. Econom. Rev. 75(3):424–440.Google Scholar
- (2025) Waymo reports 250,000 paid robotaxi rides per week in U.S. https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/24/waymo-reports-250000-paid-robotaxi-rides-per-week-in-us.html.Google Scholar
- (1983) Quantity precommitment and Bertrand competition yield Cournot outcomes. Bell J. Econom. 14(2):326–337.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1988) The dynamics of incentive contracts. Econometrica 56(5):1153–1175.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1981) Urban Operations Research (Prentice Hall, NJ).Google Scholar
- (2024) Capturing the benefits of autonomous vehicles in ride hailing: The role of market configuration. Management Sci. 71(7):5491–5510.Link, Google Scholar
- (2024) Frontiers in Operations Management: Employees versus contractors: An operational perspective. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 26(4):1306–1322.Google Scholar
- (2021) Spatio-temporal pricing for ridesharing platforms. Oper. Res. 70(2):1025–1041.Link, Google Scholar
- (1993) Investments, holdup, and the form of market contracts. Amer. Econom. Rev. 811–837.Google Scholar
- (2007) Strategic spot trading in supply chains. Management Sci. 53(5):742–759.Link, Google Scholar
- (2025) Market formation, pricing, and value generation in ride-hailing services. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 27(5):1551–1570.Link, Google Scholar
- (2018) Uber and the labor market. www.epi.org.Google Scholar
- New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission (2025) Yellow taxi, green taxi, and for-hire vehicle (fhv) monthly data report. https://www.nyc.gov/assets/tlc/downloads/csv/data_reports_monthly.csv.Google Scholar
- (2000) Efficiency and information aggregation in auctions. Amer. Econom. Rev. 90(3):499–525.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2010) Feasting on leftovers: Strategic use of shortages in price competition among differentiated products. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 12(1):140–161.Link, Google Scholar
- (2003) Platform competition in two-sided markets. J. Eur. Econom. Assoc. 1(4):990–1029.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1994) Convergence to efficiency in a simple market with incomplete information. Econometrica 62(5):1041–1063.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1983) Raising rivals’ costs. Amer. Econom. Rev. 73(2):267–271.Google Scholar
- (1989) The rate of convergence to efficiency in buyer’s bid double auction as the market becomes large. Rev. Econom. Stud. 56(4):477–498.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) Ride-hailing platforms: Competition and autonomous vehicles. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 24(3):1511–1528.Link, Google Scholar
- (1979) Investment strategy and growth in a new market. J. Reprints Antitrust Law Econom. 10:345.Google Scholar
- (1992) Collusive pricing with capacity constraints in the presence of demand uncertainty. RAND J. Econom. 23(2):203–220.Crossref, Google Scholar
- Statista (2025) Ride-hailing—Worldwide. https://www.statista.com/outlook/mmo/shared-mobility/ride-hailing/worldwide.Google Scholar
- (2018) On-demand service platforms. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 20(4):704–720.Link, Google Scholar
- (1988) The Theory of Industrial Organization (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
- TomTom (2024) TomTom Traffic Index. https://www.tomtom.com/traffic-index/ranking.Google Scholar
- (2008) Information precision and asymptotic efficiency of industrial markets. J. Math. Econom. 44(9):964–996.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2019) Operational factors in the sharing economy: A framework. Sharing Economy, Springer Series in Supply Chain Management, vol. 6 (Springer, New York), 55–71.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2006) Supply auctions and relational contracts for procurement. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 8(1):43–67.Link, Google Scholar
- Uber (2019) Uber IPO Prospectus. https://www.sec.gov.Google Scholar
- (1999) Price versus production postponement: Capacity and competition. Management Sci. 45(12):1639–1649.Link, Google Scholar
- (2009) Risk taking by entrepreneurs. Amer. Econom. Rev. 99(5):1808–1830.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1969) Congestion theory and transport investment. Amer. Econom. Rev. 59(2):251–260.Google Scholar
- (2019) New potential for multimodal connection: Exploring the relationship between taxi and transit in New York City (NYC). Transportation 46(3):1051–1072.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) Two-sided platform competition in a sharing economy. Management Sci. 68(12):8909–8932.Link, Google Scholar
- (2022) Self-driving taxis are causing all kinds of trouble in San Francisco. https://slate.com/technology/2022/12/san-francisco-waymo-cruise-self-driving-cars-robotaxis.html.Google Scholar

