Social Networks in Organizational Emergence: The University Spinout Phenomenon

References

• Agrawal A. Economic issues concerning the mobility of scientific inventions and implications for firm strategy. (2000) . Ph.D. dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.CGoogle Scholar
• Agrawal A. Technology acquisition strategy for early-stage innovations: Measuring the importance of engaging the inventor. (2002) . Working paper, School of Business, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, CanadaGoogle Scholar
• Agrawal A., Henderson R. Putting patents in context: Exploring knowledge transfer from MIT. Management Sci. (2002) 48(1):44–60Link, Google Scholar
• Aiken L. S., West S. G.Testing and Interpreting Interactions in Multiple Regression (1991) (Sage Publications, London, U.K) Google Scholar
• Aldrich H. E.Organizations Evolving (1999) (Sage Publications, London, U.K) Google Scholar
• Aldrich H. E., Zimmer C., Sexton D. L., Smilor R. W. Entrepreneurship through social networks. The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship (1986) (Ballinger, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Aldrich H. E., Rosen B., Woodward W. The impact of social networks on business founding and profit. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research (1987) (Boston College, Wellesley, MA) Google Scholar
• Amason A. C. Distinguishing the effects of functional and dysfunctional conflict on strategic decision making: Resolving a paradox for top management teams. Acad. Management J. (1996) 39(1):123–148Crossref, Google Scholar
• Amason A. C., Schweiger D. M. Resolving the paradox of conflict, strategic decision making, and organizational performance. Internat. J. Conflict Management (1994) 5:239–253Crossref, Google Scholar
• Amit R., Mueller E., Cockburn I. Opportunity costs and entrepreneurial activity. J. Bus. Venturing (1995) 10:95–106Crossref, Google Scholar
• Archer M. S. Morphogenesis versus structuration: On combining structure and action. British J. Sociology (1982) 3:455–483Google Scholar
• Ardichvili A., Cardozo R. Entrepreneurial opportunity recognition: The role of creativity, alertness, prior knowledge, networks and formal search. Research at the Marketing/Entrepreneurship Interface (1999) (Institute for Entrepreneurial Studies, Chicago, IL) Google Scholar
• Arellano M. Discrete choices with panel data. XXV Simpos. An. Económ. (2000) (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain) . Investigaciones Económicas LectureGoogle Scholar
• Arellano M., Honore B., Heckman J., Leamer E. Panel data models: Some recent developments. Handbook of Econometrics (2001) 5(North Holland, London, U.K)Google Scholar
• Baltagi B. H.Econometric Analysis of Panel Data (2001) 2nd ed.(Wiley, New York, NY) Google Scholar
• Barley S. R., Tolbert P. S. Institutionalization and structuration: Studying the links between action and institution. Organ. Stud. (1997) 18:93–117Crossref, Google Scholar
• Baumol W. J.Entrepreneurship, Management, and the Structure of Payoffs (1994) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Bercovitz J., Feldmann M., Feller I., Burton R. Organizational structure as a determinant of academic patent and licensing behavior: An exploratory study of Duke, Johns Hopkins, and Pennsylvania State Universities. J. Tech. Transfer (2002) 26:21–35Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bernard H. R., Killworth P. D. Informant accuracy in social network data II. Human Comm. Res. (1977) 4:3–18Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bernard H. R., Killworth P. D., Sailer L. Informant accuracy in social network data IV: A comparison of clique-level structure in behavioral and cognitive network data. Soc. Networks (1980) 2:191–218Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bernard H. R., Killworth P. D., Sailer L. Informant accuracy in social network data V: An experimental attempt to predict actual communication from recall data. Soc. Sci. Res. (1982) 11:30–66Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bird B., Brush B. A gendered perspective on organizational creation. Entrepreneurship, Theory Practice (2002) 26:41–65Google Scholar
• Birley S. The role of networks in the entrepreneurial process. J. Bus. Venturing (1985) 1:107–117Crossref, Google Scholar
• Birley S., Stockley S., Sexton D. L., Landstrom H. Entrepreneurial teams and venture growth. Blackwell Handbook of Entrepreneurship (2000) (Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, U.K) Google Scholar
• Birley S., Westhead P. A taxonomy of business start-up reasons and their impact on firm growth and size. J. Bus. Venturing (1994) 9:7–31Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bok D.Beyond the Ivory Tower: Social Responsibilities of the Modern University (1982) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Brass D. J., Klein K. J., Kozlowski S. W. J. Networks and frog ponds. Trends in multilevel research. Multilevel Theory, Research and Methods in Organizations (2000) (Jossey Bass, San Francisco, CA) Google Scholar
• Bray M. J., Lee J. N. University revenues from technology transfer: Licensing fees vs. equity positions. J. Bus. Venturing (2000) 15(5–6):385–392Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brewer D. D., Webster C. M. Forgetting off friends and its effects on measuring friendship networks. Soc. Networks (1999) 21:361–373Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burt R. S.Structural Holes. The Structure of Competition (1992) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Burt R. S. The contingent value of social capital. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1997) 42:339–365Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burt R. S., Thompson L., Levine J., Messick D. Entrepreneurs, distrust, and third parties. Shared Cognition in Organizations: The Management of Knowledge (1999) (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ) Google Scholar
• Burt R. S., Sutton R. I., Staw B. M. The network structure of social capital. Research in Organizational Behavior (2000a) 22(JAI Press, Greenwich, CT) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burt R. S. Creating careers: Women's paths through entrepreneurship. (2000b) . Working paper, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago, ILGoogle Scholar
• Burt R. S. Social origins of good ideas. (2003) . Working paper, University of Chicago, Chicago, ILGoogle Scholar
• Burt R. S., Hogarth R. M., Michaud C. The social capital of French and American managers. Organ. Sci. (2000) 11(2):123–147Link, Google Scholar
• Calloway M., Morrissey J. P., Paulson R. I. Accuracy and reliability of self-reported data in interorganizational networks. Soc. Networks (1993) 15:377–398Crossref, Google Scholar
• Campbell C. A. A decision theory model for entrepreneurial acts. Entrepreneurship Theory Practice (1992) 17:21–27Google Scholar
• Carter N. M., Gartner W. B., Shaver K. G., Gatewood E. J. The career reasons of nascent entrepreneurs. J. Bus. Venturing (2003) 18:13–39Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chamberlain G. Analysis of covariance with qualitative data. Rev. Econom. Stud. (1980) 47:225–238Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chiesa V., Piccaluga A. Exploitation and diffusion of public research: The general framework and the role of academic spin-off companies. R&D Management Conference (1999) (New Delhi, India)Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Partialed products are interactions; partialed powers are curve components. Psych. Bull. (1978) 85:858–866Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cohen J., Cohen P.Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Techniques for the Behavioral Sciences (1983) (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ) Google Scholar
• Cohen W. M., Levin R. C., Schmalensee R., Willig R. Empirical studies of innovation and market structure. Handbook of Industrial Organization (1989) II(Elsevier, New York, NY) Google Scholar
• Coleman J. S. Social capital in the creation of human capital. Amer. J. Soc. (1988) 94:S95–S121(Suppl.)Crossref, Google Scholar
• Coleman J. S.Foundations of Social Theory (1990) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Cooper A. Spin-offs and technical entrepreneurship. IEEE Trans. Engrg. Management (1971) 18(1):2–6Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cooper A., Sexton D. L., Smilor R. W. Entrepreneurship and high technology. The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship (1986) 1(Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Cooper A., Daily C. M., Sexton D. L., Smilor R. W. Entrepreneurial teams. Entrepreneurship 2000 (1997) (Upstart Publishing, Chicago, IL) Google Scholar
• Cotton J. L., Tuttle J. M. Employee turnover: A meta-analysis and review with implications for research. Acad. Management Rev. (1986) 11:55–70Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cummings A.The Radicalness of Employee Ideas: An Interactive Model of Co-Worker Networks and Problem-Solving Styles (1997) (College of Business Administration, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL) . Unpublished dissertationGoogle Scholar
• Davis J. A.The Logic of Causal Order (1985) (Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA) Crossref, Google Scholar
• De Koning A., Muzyka D. Conceptualising opportunity as a socio-cognitive process. (1999) . Research paper, Centre for Advanced Studies in LeadershipGoogle Scholar
• Degroof J.-J. Spinning off new ventures from research institutions outside high tech entrepreneurial areas. (2002) (MIT, Cambridge, MA) . Ph.D. dissertationGoogle Scholar
• Di Gregorio D., Shane S. Why do some universities generate more start-ups than others. Res. Policy (2003) 32:209–227Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dillman D. A.Mail and Telephone Surveys (1978) (John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY) Google Scholar
• Dillman D. A. The design and administration of mail surveys. Annual Rev. Soc. (1991) 17:225–249Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dillman D. A.Mail and Internet Surveys. The Tailored Design Method (2000) 2nd ed.(John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY) Google Scholar
• Douglas E. J., Shepherd D. A. Entrepreneurship as a utility maximizing response. J. Bus. Venturing (2000) 15:231–251Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fiet J. O. Reliance upon informants in the venture capital industry. J. Bus. Venturing (1995) 10:195–223Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fombrun C. J. Strategies for network research in organizations. Acad. Management Rev. (1982) 7:280–291Crossref, Google Scholar
• Franklin S. J., Wright M., Lockett A. Academic and surrogate entrepreneurs in university spin-out companies. J. Tech. Transfer (2001) 26:127–141Crossref, Google Scholar
• Freeman L. C., Romney A. K., Freeman S. C. Cognitive and informant accuracy. Amer. Anthropologist (1987) 89:310–325Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gabbay S. M., Zuckerman E. W. Social capital and opportunity in corporate R&D: The contingent effect of contact density on mobility expectations. Soc. Sci. Res. (1998) 27:189–217Crossref, Google Scholar
• Giddens A.The Constitution of Society (1984) (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA) Google Scholar
• Golden B. R. The past is the past—Or is it? The use of retrospective accounts as indicators of past strategy. Acad. Management J. (1992) 35:848–860Crossref, Google Scholar
• Goldfarb B., Henrekson M. Bottom-up versus top-down policies towards the commercialization of university intellectual property. Res. Policy (2003) 32:639–658Crossref, Google Scholar
• Granovetter M. S. The strength of weak ties. Amer. J. Soc. (1973) 78(6):1360–1380Crossref, Google Scholar
• Granovetter M. S., Marsden P. V., name N. The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited. Social Structure and Network Analysis (1982) (Sage, Beverly Hills, CA) Google Scholar
• Granovetter M. S. Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. Amer. J. Soc. (1985) 91(3):481–510Crossref, Google Scholar
• Greene W. H.Econometric Analysis (1993) 2nd ed.(Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs, NJ) Google Scholar
• Greene W. H. Fixed and random effects in nonlinear models. (2001) . Working paper, Department of Economics, Stern School of Business, New York University, New YorkGoogle Scholar
• Greenland S., Schwartzbaum J. A., Finkle W. D. Problems due to small samples and sparse data in conditional logistic regression analysis. Amer. J. Epidemiology (2000) 151(5):531–539Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hague D., Oakley K. Spin-offs and start-ups in UK universities. (2000) (CVCP Publication, London, U.K) Google Scholar
• Hansen M. The search-transfer problem: The role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1999) 44:82–111Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hansen M., Podolny J. M., Pfeffer J., Bacharach S., Gabbay S. M., Th R., Leenders A. J. So many ties, so little time: A task contingency perspective on the value of social capital in organisations. Research in the Sociology of Organizations (2001) 19(Jai Press, London, U.K) Google Scholar
• Heberlein T. A., Baumgartner R. Factors affecting response rates to mailed questionnaires: A quantitative analysis of the published literature. Amer. Soc. Rev. (1978) 43:447–462Crossref, Google Scholar
• Heckman J. The common structure of statistical models of truncation, sample selection, and limited dependent variables and a simple estimator of such models. Ann. Econom. Soc. Measurement (1976) 5:475–492Google Scholar
• Heckman J. Sample selction bias as a specification error. Econometrica (1979) 47:153–161Crossref, Google Scholar
• Heckman J. Varieties of selection bias. Amer. Econom. Rev. (1990) 80:313–318Google Scholar
• Henderson R., Jaffe A. B., Trajtenberg M. Universities as a source of commercial technology: A detailed analysis of university patenting, 1965-1988. Rev. Econom. Statist. (1998) 80(1):119–127Crossref, Google Scholar
• Higgins M. C., Kram K. E. Reconceptualizing mentoring at work: A developmental network perspective. Acad. Management Rev. (2001) 26(2):264–288Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hills G. E., Lumpkin G. T., Singh R. P. Opportunity recognition: Perceptions and behaviors of entrepreneurs. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research (1997) (Babson College, Wellesley, MA) Google Scholar
• Hite J. M., Hesterly W. S. The evolution of firm networks: From emergence to early growth of the firm. Strategic Management J. (2001) 22:275–186Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hosmer D. W., Lemeshow S.Applied Logistic Regression (2001) (Wiley, New York, NY) Google Scholar
• Hsiao C.Analysis of Panel Data (2003) 2nd ed.(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Huber G. P., Power D. J. Retrospective reports of strategic level managers: Guidelines for increasing their accuracy. Strategic Management J. (1985) 6:171–180Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ibarra H. Personal networks of women and minorities in management. Acad. Management Rev. (1993) 18:56–87Google Scholar
• Jaccard J.Interaction Effects in Logistic Regression (2001) (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jaccard J., Turrisi R., Wan C. K.Interaction Effects in Multiple Regression (1990) (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA) Google Scholar
• Jensen R., Thursby M. Proof and prototypes for sale: The licensing of university inventions. Amer. Econom. Rev. (2001) 91(1):240–259Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kale P., Singh H., Perlmutter H. Learning and protection of proprietary assets in strategic alliances: Building relational capital. Strategic Management J. (2000) 21:217–137Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kashy D. A., Kenny D. A. Do you know whom you were with a week ago Friday? A re-analysis of the Bernard, Killworth, and Sailer studies. Soc. Psych. Quart. (1990) 53(1):55–61Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kilduff M., Krackhardt D. Bringing the individual back in: A structural analysis of the internal market for reputation in organizations. Acad. Management J. (1994) 37(1):87–108Crossref, Google Scholar
• Killworth P. D., Bernard H. R. Informant accuracy in social network data III: A comparison of triadic structure in behavioral and cognitive data. Soc. Networks (1979) 2:19–46Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kirzner I.Competition and Entrepreneurship (1973) (Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL) Google Scholar
• Klein K. J., Palmer S. L., Conn A. B., Klein K. J., Kozlowski S. W. J. Interorganizational relationships. A multi-level perspective. Multilevel Theory, Research and Methods in Organizations (2000) (Jossey Bass, San Francisco, CA) Google Scholar
• Knight F. H.Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (1921) (Houghton Mifflin, New York, NY) Google Scholar
• Kozlowski S. W. J., Klein K. J., Klein K. J., Kozlowski S. W. J. A multi-level approach to theory and research in organizations. Contextual, Temporal and emergent processes. Multilevel Theory, Research and Methods in Organizations (2000) (Jossey Bass, San Francisco, CA) Google Scholar
• Krackhardt D. Cognitive social structures. Soc. Networks (1987) 9:109–134Crossref, Google Scholar
• Krackhardt D. The strength of strong ties: The importance of. philos in organizations (1992) (Harvard University Press, Boston, MA) Google Scholar
• Krackhardt D. Review of structural holes: The social structure of competition. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1995) 40:350–354Crossref, Google Scholar
• Krackhardt D. Comment on Burt and Knez's third party effects on trust. Rationality Soc. (1996) 8(1):111–120Crossref, Google Scholar
• Krosnick J. A. Response strategies for coping with the cognitive demands of attitude measures in surveys. Appl. Cognitive Psych. (1991) 5:213–236Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lancaster T. The incidental parameter problem since 1948. J. Econometrics (2000) 95:391–413Crossref, Google Scholar
• Larson A., Starr J. A. A network model of organization formation. Entrepreneurship, Theory, Practice (1993) 17(2):5–15Google Scholar
• Lawrence P. R., Lorsch J. W. Differentiation and integration in complex organizations. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1967) 12:1–47Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lee L.-F. Some approaches to the correction of selectivity bias. Rev. Econom. Stud. (1982) 49:355–272Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lin N.Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action (2001) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lin N., Ensel W. E. Life stress and health: Stressors and resources. Amer. Sociological Rev. (1989) 54:382–399Crossref, Google Scholar
• Louis K. S., Blumenthal D., Gluck M. E., Stoto M. A. Entrepreneurs in academe: An exploration of behaviors among life scientists. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1989) 34(1):110–131Crossref, Google Scholar
• Louis K. S., Jones L. M., Anderson M. S., Blumenthal D., Campbell E. G. Entrepreneurship, secrecy and productivity: A comparison of clinical and non-clinical life sciences faculty. J. Tech. Transfer (2001) 26:233–245Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lowe R. A., Libecap G. The role and experience of start-ups in commercializing university inventions. Entrepreneurial Inputs and Outcomes (2001) (JAI Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lowe R. A. Entrepreneurship and information asymmetry: Theory and evidence form the University of California. (2002) . Working paper, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CAGoogle Scholar
• Lubin A. The interpretation of significant interaction. Ed. Psych. Measurement (1961) 21(4):807–817Crossref, Google Scholar
• Maddala G. S. Limited dependent variable models using panel data. J. Human Resources (1987) 22:307–338Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mann H. B., Whitney D. R. On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Ann. Math. Statist. (1947) 18:50–60Crossref, Google Scholar
• Marsden P. V. Network data and measurement. Annual Rev. Soc. (1990) 16:435–463Crossref, Google Scholar
• McEvily B., Zaheer A. Bridging ties: A source of firm heterogeneity in competitive capabilities. Strategic Management J. (1999) 20:1133–1156Crossref, Google Scholar
• McFadden D., Zarembka P. Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior. Frontiers in Econometrics (1974) (Academic Press, New York, NY) Google Scholar
• McGrath R. G., Pettigrew A. M., Thomas H., Whittington A. Entrepreneurship, small firms, and wealth creation: A framework using real options reasoning. Handbook of Strategy and Management (2001) (Sage Publications, London, U.K) Google Scholar
• Melevin P. T., Dillman D. A., Baxter R., Lamiman C. E. Personal delivery of mail questionnaires for household surveys: A test off four retrieval methods. J. Appl. Soc.ForthcomingGoogle Scholar
• Menard S.Applied Logistic Regression Analysis (2002) 2nd ed.(Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Miller C., Cardinal L., Glick W. Retrospective reports in organizational research: A re-examination of recent evidence. Acad. Management J. (1997) 40:189–204Crossref, Google Scholar
• Miner A. S., Eesley D. T., De Vaughn M., Rura-Polley T., Schoonhoven K., Romanelli E. The magic beanstalk vision of university venture formation. The Entrepreneurship Dynamic (2001) (Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA) Google Scholar
• Minniti M., Bygrave W. The microfoundations of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship, Theory, Practice (1999) 23:41–52Google Scholar
• Mizruchi M. S., Stearns L. B. Getting deals done: The use of social networks in bank decision-making. Amer. Sociological Rev. (2001) 66:647–671Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mobley W. H., Griffeth R. W., Mowday R. T. Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process. Psych. Bull. (1979) 86:493–522Crossref, Google Scholar
• Monge P., Contractor N. S., Jablin F. M., Putnam L. L. Emergence of communication networks. The New Handbook of Organizational Communication (2000) (Sage, London, U.K) Google Scholar
• Morgeson F. P., Hofman D. A. The structure and function of collective constructs: Implications multilevel research and theory development. Acad. Management Rev. (1999) 24(2):249–265Google Scholar
• Mowery D. C., Shane S. Introduction to the special issue on university entrepreneurship and technology transfer. Management Sci. (2002) 48(2):v–ixAbstract, Google Scholar
• Mowery D. C., Sampat B. N., Ziedonis A. A. Learning to patent: Institutional experience, learning, and the characteristics of U.S. university patents after the Bayh-Dole Act, 1981–1992. Management Sci. (2002) 48(1):73–89Link, Google Scholar
• Mowery D. C., Nelson R. R., Sampat B. N., Ziedonis A. A. The growth of patenting and licensing by U.S. universities: An assessment of the effects of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980. Res. Policy (2001) 30:99–119Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mustar P. Spin-off enterprises. How French academics create high-tech companies: The conditions for success or failure. Sci. Public Policy (1997) 24:37–43Google Scholar
• Nelson R. R.National Innovation Systems (1993) (Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K) Google Scholar
• Nelson R. R. Observations on the post-Bayh-Dole rise of patenting at American universities. J. Tech. Transfer (2001) 26:13–19Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nerlove M. An essay on the history of panel data econometrics. Proc. 9th Internat. Conf. Panel Data (2000) . June 22–23. Geneva, SwitzerlandGoogle Scholar
• Neyman J., Scott E. L. Consistent estimates based on partially consistent observations. Econometrica (1948) 16:1–32Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nicolaou N., Birley S. Academic networks in a trichotomous categorisation of university spinouts. Proc. 10th Annual Global Entrepreneurship Res. Conf. (2000) . London, U.K., March 30–31. ForthcomingGoogle Scholar
• Oppenheim A. N.Questionnaire Design, Interviewing and Attitude Measurement (1992) (Pinter, London, U.K) Google Scholar
• Ostgaard T. A., Birley S. Personal networks and firm competitive strategy—A strategic or coincidental match? J. Bus. Venturing (1994) 9:281–305Crossref, Google Scholar
• Peduzzi P., Concato J., Kemper E. A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis. J. Clinical Epidemiology (1996) 49:1373–1379Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pendergast J. F., Gange S. J., Newton M. A., Lindstrom M. J., Palta M., Fisher M. R. A survey of methods for analysing clustered binary response data. Internat. Statist. Rev. (1996) 64(1):89–118Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pescosolido B. A., Georgianna S. Durkheim, suicide and religion: Toward a network theory of suicide. Amer. Sociological Rev. (1989) 54:33–48Crossref, Google Scholar
• Podolny J. M., Baron J. N. Resources and relationships: Social networks and mobility in the workplace. Amer. Sociological Rev. (1997) 62:673–693Crossref, Google Scholar
• Radosevich R. A model for entrepreneurial spin-offs from public technology sources. Internat. J. Tech. Management (1995) 10(7–8):879–893Google Scholar
• Rangan S. The problem of search and deliberation in economic action: When social networks really matter. Acad. Management Rev. (2000) 25:813–828Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rao H., Davis G. F., Ward A. Embeddedness, social identity and mobility: Why firms leave the NASDAQ and join the New York stock exchange. Admin. Sci. Quart. (2000) 45:268–292Crossref, Google Scholar
• Reagans R., Zuckerman E. W. Networks, diversity and productivity: The social capital of corporate R&D teams. Organ. Sci. (2001) 12(4):502–517Link, Google Scholar
• Renzulli L. A., Aldrich H. E., Moody J. Family matters: Gender, networks, and entrepreneurial outcomes. Soc. Forces (2000) 79(2):523–546Crossref, Google Scholar
• Roberts E. B. A basic study of innovators: How to keep and capitalize on their talents. Res. Management (1968) 11(4):249–266Google Scholar
• Roberts E. B.Entrepreneurs in High Technology: Lessons from MIT and Beyond (1991) (Oxford University Press, New York, NY) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Roberts E. B., Malone D. E. Policies and structures for spinning out new companies from research and development organizations. R&D Management (1996) 26(1):17–48Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rosenthal E. A.Social Networks and Team Performance (1996) . Ph.D. dissertation, Graduate School ofBusiness, University of Chicago, Chicago, ILGoogle Scholar
• Rowley T., Behrens D., Krackhardt D. Redundant governance structures: An analysis of structural and relational embeddedness in the steel and semiconductor industries. Strategic Management J. (2000) 21:369–385Crossref, Google Scholar
• Seibert S. E., Kraimer M. L., Liden R. C. A social capital theory of career success. Acad. Management J. (2001) 44:219–237Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shane S. Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organ. Sci. (2000) 11:448–469Link, Google Scholar
• Shane S. Encouraging university entrepreneurship? The effect of the Bayh-Dole Act on university patenting in the United States. J. Bus. Venturing (2003) 19(1):127–151Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shane S., Cable D. Social relationships and the financing of new ventures. (2000) . Working paper, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MDGoogle Scholar
• Shane S., Stuart T. Organizational endowments and the performance of university start-ups. Management Sci. (2002) 48(1):154–170Link, Google Scholar
• Sheridan J. E. Organizational culture and employee retention. Acad. Management J. (1992) 35:1036–1056Crossref, Google Scholar
• Siegel D. S., Waldman D., Link A. Assessing the impact of organizational practices on the productivity of university technology transfer offices: An exploratory study. (1999) . NBER Working Paper no. 7256, Cambridge, MAGoogle Scholar
• Siegel D. S., Thursby J. G., Thursby M. C., Ziedonis A. A. Organizational issues in university-industry technology transfer: An overview of the symposium issue. J. Tech. Transfer (2001) 26:5–11Crossref, Google Scholar
• Siegel S.Nonparametric Statistics (1956) (McGraw-Hill Kogakusha Ltd., Tokyo Japan) Google Scholar
• Singh R. P., Hills G. E., Hybels R. C., Lumpkin G. T. Opportunity recognition through social network characteristics of entrepreneurs. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research (1999) (Babson College, Wellesley, MA) Google Scholar
• Smilor R. W., Gibson D. V., Dietrich G. B. University spinout companies: Technology start-ups from UT-Austin. J. Bus. Venturing (1990) 5:63–76Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sparrowe R. T., Liden R. C., Wayne S. J., Kraimer M. L. Social networks and the performance of individuals and groups. Acad. Management J. (2001) 44(2):316–325Crossref, Google Scholar
• StataCorpStata Statistical Software: Release 7.0 (2001) (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX) Google Scholar
• Stevenson W. B., Greenberg D. Agency and social networks: Strategies of action in a social structure of position, opposition, and opportunity. Admin. Sci. Quart. (2000) 45:651–678Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tett R. P., Meyer J. P. Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: Path analyses based on meta-analytical findings. Personnel Psych. (1993) 46:259–293Crossref, Google Scholar
• Thursby J. G., Kemp S. Growth and productive efficiency of university intellectual property licensing. Res. Policy (2002) 31:109–124Crossref, Google Scholar
• Thursby J. G., Thursby M. C. Who is selling the ivory tower? Sources of growth in university licensing. Management Sci. (2002) 48(1):90–104Link, Google Scholar
• Tichy N. M., Tushman M. L., Fombrun C. Social network analysis for organizations. Acad. Management Rev. (1979) 4:507–519Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tidd J. Complexity, networks & learning: Integrative themes for research on innovation management. Internat. J. Innovation Management (1997) 1(1):1–21Crossref, Google Scholar
• Van de Ven W. P. M. M., Van Praag B. M. S. The demand for deductibles in private health insurance: A probit model with sample selection. J. Econometrics (1981) 17:229–252Crossref, Google Scholar
• Vohora A., Wright M., Lockett A. Critical junctures in the growth in university high-tech spinout companies. Res. Policy. (2002) . ForthcomingGoogle Scholar
• Walker G., Kogut B., Shan W. Social capital, structural holes and the formation of an industry network. Organ. Sci. (1997) 8:109–125Link, Google Scholar
• Wooldridge J. M.Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data (2002) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Zucker L. G., Darby M. R., Armstrong J. Geographically localized knowledge: Spillovers or markets? Econom. Inquiry (1998) 36(1):65–86Crossref, Google Scholar