When Should Fractional-Dose Vaccines Be Used?
Published Online:11 Dec 2025https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2024.1332
References
- (1974) Optimal immunisation policies for epidemics. Adv. Appl. Probability 6(3):494–511.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) A simple planning problem for COVID-19 lock-down, testing, and tracing. Amer. Econom. Rev. Insights 3(3):367–382.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2012) Consumption externality and yield uncertainty in the influenza vaccine supply chain: Interventions in demand and supply sides. Management Sci. 58(6):1072–1091.Link, Google Scholar
- (2024) The sooner, the better? Optimal vaccination policy with limited vaccine supply. Working paper, The University of Connecticut School of Business, Storrs, CT.Google Scholar
- (2020) Optimizing influenza vaccine composition: From predictions to prescriptions. Proc. 5th Machine Learn. Healthcare Conf. (PMLR, New York), 121–142.Google Scholar
- (2000) Optimal control of deterministic epidemics. Optimal Control Appl. Methods 21(6):269–285.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) Planning a return to normal after the COVID-19 pandemic: Identifying safe contact levels via online optimization. Preprint, submitted September 13, https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.06025.Google Scholar
- (2021) How best can finite-time social distancing reduce epidemic final size? J. Theoretical Biology 511:110557.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2017) Mathematical epidemiology: Past, present, and future. Infectious Disease Modeling 2(2):113–127.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) Model-informed COVID-19 vaccine prioritization strategies by age and serostatus. Science 371(6352):916–921.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) Allocation of COVID-19 vaccines under limited supply. Preprint, submitted September 26, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.23.20179820v2.Google Scholar
- (2008) Supply chain coordination and influenza vaccination. Oper. Res. 56(6):1493–1506.Link, Google Scholar
- (2010) The optimal composition of influenza vaccines subject to random production yields. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 12(2):256–277.Link, Google Scholar
- (2022) The effectiveness of the two-dose bnt162b2 vaccine: Analysis of real-world data. Clinical Infectious Diseases 74(3):472–478.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2009) Trial of influenza a (H1N1) 2009 monovalent MF59-adjuvanted vaccine—Preliminary report. New England J. Medicine 361(25):2424–2435.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) Concerns about SARS-COV-2 evolution should not hold back efforts to expand vaccination. Nature Rev. Immunology 21:330–335.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) Fractionation of COVID-19 vaccine doses could extend limited supplies and reduce mortality. Nature Medicine 27(8):1321–1323.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2016) Contracting for on-time delivery in the us influenza vaccine supply chain. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 18(3):332–346.Link, Google Scholar
- (2018a) Literature review: The vaccine supply chain. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 268(1):174–192.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018b) Dose-optimal vaccine allocation over multiple populations. Production Oper. Management 27(1):143–159.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2006) A model for immunological correlates of protection. Statist. Medicine 25(9):1485–1497.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2008) Half-vs full-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (2004-2005): Age, dose, and sex effects on immune responses. Arch. Internal Medicine 168(22):2405–2414.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2009) Response after one dose of a monovalent influenza a (H1N1) 2009 vaccine—Preliminary report. New England J. Medicine 361(25):2405–2413.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2011) Optimal control of epidemics with limited resources. J. Math. Biology 62(3):423–451.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2023) Partial or full doses first? Vaccine allocation under limited supply. Preprint, submitted June 9, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4411818.Google Scholar
- (2014) Optimal control of vaccination dynamics during an influenza epidemic. Math. Biosci. Engrg. 11(5):1045–1063.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1927) A contribution to the mathematical theory of epidemics. Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A 115(772):700–721.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2008) Repeated commit-or-defer decisions with a deadline: The influenza vaccine composition. Oper. Res. 56(3):527–541.Link, Google Scholar
- (2022) Managing two‐dose COVID‐19 vaccine rollouts with limited supply: Operations strategies for distributing time‐sensitive resources. Production Oper. Management 31(12):4424–4442.Google Scholar
- (2013) 17DD yellow fever vaccine: A double blind, randomized clinical trial of immunogenicity and safety on a dose-response study. Human Vaccines Immunotherapeutics 9(4):879–888.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1974) On the optimal control of a deterministic epidemic. Adv. Appl. Probab. 6(4):622–635.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1993) Influenza vaccines: The effect of vaccine dose on antibody response in primed populations during the ongoing interpandemic period. A review of the literature. Vaccine 11(9):892–908.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2010) Correlates of protection induced by vaccination. Clinical Vaccine Immunology 17(7):1055–1065.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): A single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet 396(10267):1979–1993.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2019) Dose finding for new vaccines: The role for immunostimulation/immunodynamic modelling. J. Theoretical Biology 465:51–55.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) Tolerability, safety and immunogenicity of intradermal delivery of a fractional dose mRNA-1273 SARS-COV-2 vaccine in healthy adults as a dose sparing strategy. Preprint, submitted July 28, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.27.21261116v1.Google Scholar
- (2008) Intradermally administered yellow fever vaccine at reduced dose induces a protective immune response: A randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. PLoS One 3(4):e1993.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) Allocating COVID-19 vaccines: Save one for the second dose? Working paper, Tuck School of Business, Hanover, NH.Google Scholar
- (1984) Assessment of the protective efficacy of vaccines against common diseases using case-control and cohort studies. Internat. J. Epidemiology 13(1):87–93.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2009) Selfish drug allocation for containing an international influenza pandemic at the onset. Oper. Res. 57(6):1320–1332.Link, Google Scholar
- (2025) Split liver transplantation: An analytical decision support model. Oper. Res. 73(4):1785–1804.Google Scholar
- (2020) Safety and immunogenicity of two RNA-based COVID-19 vaccine candidates. New England J. Medicine 383(25):2439–2450.Crossref, Google Scholar
- WHO (2016) Fractional dose yellow fever vaccine as a dose-sparing option for outbreak response: Who secretariat information paper. Technical report, World Health Organization, Geneva.Google Scholar
- WHO (2017) Guidelines on clinical evaluation of vaccines: Regulatory expectations. WHO Technical Report Series 1004, Annex 9.Google Scholar
- WHO (2021) Interim statement on dose-sparing strategies for COVID-19 vaccines (fractionated vaccine doses). (August 10), https://www.who.int/news/item/10-08-2021-interim-statement-on-dose-sparing-strategies-for-covid-19-vaccines-(fractionated-vaccine-doses).Google Scholar
- (2021) Could vaccine dose stretching reduce COVID-19 deaths? Technical report, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
- (2022) Partial likelihood Thompson sampling. Proc. Thirty-Eighth Conf. Uncertainty Artificial Intelligence (PMLR, New York), 2138–2147.Google Scholar
- (2005) Optimization of influenza vaccine selection. Oper. Res. 53(3):456–476.Link, Google Scholar

