Structural Causal Modeling of Managerial Interventions: What If Managers Had Not Intervened by Doing This?

References

• Abbott A (1998) The causal devolution. Sociol. Methods Res. 27(2):148–181.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ackermann J (2019) The effect of franchising on store performance: Evidence from an ownership change. Management Sci. 65(11):5188–5196.Link, Google Scholar
• Aggarwal VA, Wu B (2015) Organizational constraints to adaptation: Intrafirm asymmetry in the locus of coordination. Organ. Sci. 26(1):218–238.Link, Google Scholar
• Aguinis H, Edwards JR, Bradley KJ (2017) Improving our understanding of moderation and mediation in strategic management research. Organ. Res. Methods 20(4):665–685.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Argyres NS, Bigelow L (2007) Does transaction misalignment matter for firm survival at all stages of the industry life cycle? Management Sci. 53(8):1332–1344.Link, Google Scholar
• Argyres NS, Liebeskind JP (1999) Contractual commitments, bargaining power, and governance inseparability: Incorporating history into transaction cost theory. Acad. Management Rev. 24(1):49–63.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Argyres NS, Zenger TR (2012) Capabilities, transaction costs, and firm boundaries. Organ. Sci. 23(6):1643–1657.Link, Google Scholar
• Argyres NS, Rios LA, Silverman BS (2020) Organizational change and the dynamics of innovation: Formal R&D structure and intrafirm inventor networks. Strategic Management J. 41(11):2015–2049.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bettis RA (2012) The search for asterisks: Compromised statistical tests and flawed theories. Strategic Management J. 33(1):108–113.Google Scholar
• Bettis RA, Ethiraj S, Gambardella A, Helfat C, Mitchell W (2016a) Creating repeatable cumulative knowledge in strategic management: A call for a broad and deep conversation among authors, referees, and editors. Strategic Management J. 37(2):257–261.Google Scholar
• Bettis RA, Helfat CE, Shaver JM (2016b) The necessity, logic, and forms of replication. Strategic Management J. Special Issue: Replication in Strategic Management 37(11):2193–2203.Google Scholar
• Brouthers KD, Brouthers LE, Werner S (2003) Transaction cost‐enhanced entry mode choices and firm performance. Strategic Management J. 24(12):1239–1248.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bunge M (2004) How does it work? The search for explanatory mechanisms. Philos. Soc. Sci. 34(2):182–210.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chang SJ, Chung J, Moon JJ (2013) When do wholly owned subsidiaries perform better than joint ventures? Strategic Management J. 34(3):317–337.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chang S, Kogut B, Yang JS (2016) Global diversification discount and its discontents: A bit of self‐selection makes a world of difference. Strategic Management J. 37(11):2254–2274.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Durand R, Vaara E (2009) Causation, counterfactuals, and competitive advantage. Strategic Management J. 30(12):1245–1264.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ellsaesser F, Tsang EW, Runde J (2014) Models of causal inference: Imperfect but applicable is better than perfect but inapplicable. Strategic Management J. 35(10):1541–1551.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Elwert F, Winship C (2014) Endogenous selection bias: The problem of conditioning on a collider variable. Annual Rev. Sociol. 40:31–53.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fritz MS, Kenny DA, MacKinnon DP (2016) The combined effects of measurement error and omitting confounders in the single-mediator model. Multivariate Behav. Res. 51(5):681–697.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Guler I (2018) Pulling the plug: The capability to terminate unsuccessful projects and firm performance. Strategy Sci. 3(3):481–497.Google Scholar
• Handley SM (2017) How governance misalignment and outsourcing capability impact performance. Production Oper. Management 26(1):134–155.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hamilton BH, Nickerson JA (2003) Correcting for endogeneity in strategic management research. Strategic Organ. 1(1):51–78.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Heckman JJ (1976) The common structure of statistical models of truncation, sample selection and limited dependent variables and a simple estimator for such models. Ann. Econom. Soc. Measurement 5(4):475–492.Google Scholar
• Heckman JJ (1979) Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica 47(1):153–161.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hernandez E, Shaver JM (2019) Network synergy. Admin. Sci. Quart. 64(1):171–202.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hicks R, Tingley D (2011) Causal mediation analysis. The Stata J. 11(4):605–619.Google Scholar
• Imai K, Keele L, Yamamoto T (2010) Identification, inference, and sensitivity analysis for causal mediation effects. Statist. Sci. 25(1):51–71.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Imai K, Keele L, Tingley D, Yamamoto T (2011) Unpacking the black box of causality: Learning about causal mechanisms from experimental and observational studies. Amer. Political Sci. Rev. 105(4):765–789.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Keele L, Tingley D, Yamamoto T (2015) Identifying mechanisms behind policy interventions via causal mediation analysis. J. Policy Analysis and Management 34(4):937–963.Google Scholar
• Keum DD, See KE (2017) The influence of hierarchy on idea generation and selection in the innovation process. Organ. Sci. 28(4):653–669.Link, Google Scholar
• Kosová R, Lafontaine F, Perrigot R (2013) Organizational form and performance: Evidence from the hotel industry. Rev. Econom. Statist. 95(4):1303–1323.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Leiblein MJ, Miller DJ (2003) An empirical examination of transaction‐and firm‐level influences on the vertical boundaries of the firm. Strategic Management J. 24(9):839–859.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Leiblein MJ, Reuer J, Dalsace F (2002) Do make or buy decisions matter? The influence of organizational governance on technological performance. Strategic Management J. 23(9):817–833.Crossref, Google Scholar
• MacCormack A, Mishra A (2015) Managing the performance trade‐offs from partner integration: Implications of contract choice in R&D projects. Production Oper. Management 24(10):1552–1569.Crossref, Google Scholar
• MacKinnon DP (2008) Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York).Google Scholar
• Masten SE (1993) Transaction costs, mistakes, and performance: Assessing the importance of governance. Management Decision Econom. 14:119–129.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Masten SE, Meehan JW, Snyder EA (1991) The costs of organization. J. Law Econom. Organ. 7(1):1–25.Google Scholar
• Mayer KJ, Nickerson JA (2005) Antecedents and performance implications of contracting for knowledge workers: Evidence from information technology services. Organ. Sci. 16(3):225–242.Link, Google Scholar
• Morgan SL, Winship C (2015) Counterfactuals and Causal Inference: Methods and Principles for Social Research, 2nd ed. (Cambridge University Press, New York).Google Scholar
• Muthén B, Asparouhov T (2015) Causal effects in mediation modeling: An introduction with applications to latent variables. Structural Equation Model. 22(1):12–23.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Natividad G, Rawley E (2016) Interdependence and performance: A natural experiment in firm scope. Strategy Sci. 1(1):12–31.Link, Google Scholar
• Nickerson JA, Argyres N (2018) Strategizing before strategic decision making. Strategy Sci. 3(4):592–605.Link, Google Scholar
• Nickerson JA, Silverman BS (2003a) Why aren’t all truck drivers owner‐operators? Asset ownership and the employment relation in interstate for‐hire trucking. J. Econom. Management Strategy 12(1):91–118.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nickerson JA, Silverman BS (2003b) Why firms want to organize efficiently and what keeps them from doing so: Inappropriate governance, performance and adaptation in a regulated industry. Admin. Sci. Quart. 48(3):433–465.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Novak S, Stern S (2008) How does outsourcing affect performance dynamics? Evidence from the automobile industry. Management Sci. 54(12):1963–1979.Link, Google Scholar
• Parmigiani A, Holloway SS (2011) Actions speak louder than modes: Antecedents and implications of parent implementation capabilities on business unit performance. Strategic Management J. 32(5):457–485.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pearl J (2009a) Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference, 1st ed. (Cambridge University Press, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pearl J (2009b) Causal inference in statistics: An overview. Statist. Surveys 3:96–146.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pearl J (2010) The foundations of causal inference. Sociol. Methodology 40:75–149.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pearl J (2011) Errata: The foundations of causal inference. Sociol. Methodology 41:373.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pearl J (2012) The causal mediation formula—A guide to the assessment of pathways and mechanisms. Prevention Sci. 13(4):426–436.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pearl J (2014a) Interpretation and identification of causal mediation. Psych. Methods 19(4):459–481.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pearl J (2014b) Reply to commentary by Imai, Keele, Tingley, and Yamamoto concerning causal mediation analysis. Psych. Methods. 19(4):488–492.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pearl J (2019) The seven tools of causal inference, with reflections on machine learning. Comm. ACM 62(3):54–60.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pearl J, Mackenzie D (2018) The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect (Basic Books, New York).Google Scholar
• Pearl J, Glymour M, Jewell NP (2016) Causal Inference in Statistics: A Primer (Wiley, West Sussex, UK).Google Scholar
• Pisano GP (2017) Toward a prescriptive theory of dynamic capabilities: Connecting strategic choice, learning, and competition. Indust. Corporate Change 26(5):747–762.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Preacher KJ (2015) Advances in mediation analysis: A survey and synthesis of new developments. Annual Rev. Psych. 66:825–852.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ramey C, O’Keeffe K (2020) Huawei faces racketeering charge. Wall Street Journal (February 14), A1.Google Scholar
• Robins JM, Greenland S (1992) Identifiability and exchangeability for direct and indirect effects. Epidemiology 3(2):143–155.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sampson RC (2004) The cost of misaligned governance in R&D alliances. J. Law Econom. Organ. 20:484–526.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shaver JM (1998) Accounting for endogeneity when assessing strategy performance: Does entry mode choice affect FDI survival? Management Sci. 44(4):571–585.Link, Google Scholar
• Shaver JM (2005) Testing for mediating variables in management research: Concerns, implications, and alternative strategies. J. Management 31(3):330–353.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shaver JM (2020) Causal identification through a cumulative body of research in the study of strategy and organizations. J. Management 46(7):1244–1256.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shaver JM (2021) Evolution of quantitative research methods in strategic management. Duhaime IM, Hitt MA, Lyles MA, eds. Strategic Management: State of the Field and Its Future (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK), 83–98.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Silverman BS, Nickerson JA, Freeman J (1997) Profitability, transactional alignment, and organizational mortality in the US trucking industry. Strategic Management J. 18(S1):31–52.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Spirtes P (2010) Introduction to causal inference. J. Machine Learning Res. 11:1643–1662.Google Scholar
• Spirtes P, Glymour C, Scheines R (2000) Causation, Prediction, and Search, 2nd ed. (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
• Van de Ven AH (2007) Engaged Scholarship: A Guide for Organizational and Social Research (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Van de Ven AH (2011) Reflections on research for theory and practice: From an engaged scholarship perspective. Mohrman SA, Lawler EE III, eds. Useful Research: Advancing Theory and Practice (Berrett-Koehler, Oakland, CA), 387–406.Google Scholar
• VanderWeele TJ (2015) Explanation in Causal Inference: Methods for Mediation and Interaction (Oxford University Press, New York).Google Scholar
• Williamson OE (1996) The Mechanisms of Governance (Oxford University Press, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Yvrande-Billon A, Saussier S (2005) Do Organization Choices Matter? Assessing the Importance of Governance Through Performance Comparisons. New Ideas in Contracting and Organizational Researches (Nova Science, Hauppauge, NY).Google Scholar