Motives, Gender, and Experience: Performance Effects in Crowdsourcing Contests

References

• Afuah A, Tucci CL (2012) Crowdsourcing as a solution to distant search. Acad. Management Rev. 37(3):355–375.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Anderson LR, Stafford SL (2003) An experimental analysis of rent seeking under varying competitive conditions. Public Choice 115(1–2):199–216.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Anglin AH, Kincaid PA, Short JC, Allen DG (2022) Role theory perspectives: Past, present, and future applications of role theories in management research. J. Management 48(6):1469–1502.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Archak N (2010) Money, glory and cheap talk: Analyzing strategic behavior of contestants in simultaneous crowdsourcing contests on TopCoder.com. Proc. 19th Internat. Conf. World Wide Web (Phoenix), 21–30.Google Scholar
• Archak N, Ghose A (2010) Learning-by-doing and project choice: A dynamic structural model of crowdsourcing. Thirty-First Internat. Conf. Inform. Systems, St. Louis.Google Scholar
• Archak N, Sundararajan A (2009) Optimal design of crowdsourcing contests. Internat. Conf. World Wide Web (Phoenix), 1–16.Google Scholar
• Baik KH (1994) Effort levels in contests with two asymmetric players. Southern Econom. J. 61(2):367–378.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Baumeister RF (1984) Choking under pressure: Self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 46(3):610–620.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Baumeister RF, Showers CJ (1986) A review of paradoxical performance effects: Choking under pressure in sports and mental tests. Eur. J. Soc. Psych. 16(4):361–383.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Biddle BJ (1986) Recent developments in role theory. Annual Rev. Sociol. 12(1):67–92.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Blackwell M, Iacus S, King G, Porro G (2009) CEM: Coarsened exact matching in Stata. Stata J. 9(4):524–546.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Boudreau KJ, Lakhani KR (2013) Using the crowd as an innovation partner. Harvard Bus. Rev. 91(4):60–69.Google Scholar
• Boudreau KJ, Lacetera N, Lakhani KR (2011) Incentives and problem uncertainty in innovation contests: An empirical analysis. Management Sci. 57(5):843–863.Link, Google Scholar
• Boudreau KJ, Lakhani KR, Menietti M (2016) Performance responses to competition across skill levels in rank-order tournaments: Field evidence and implications for tournament design. RAND J. Econom. 47(1):140–165.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brabham DC (2010) Moving the crowd at Threadless: Motivations for participation in a crowdsourcing application. Inform. Commun. Soc. 13(8):1122–1145.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brabham DC (2012a) Motivations for participation in a crowdsourcing application to improve public engagement in transit planning. J. Appl. Commun. Res. 40(3):307–328.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brabham DC (2012b) The myth of amateur crowds: A critical discourse analysis of crowdsourcing coverage. Inform. Commun. Soc. 15(3):394–410.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brabham DC (2013) Crowdsourcing (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brickman P, Bulman RJ (1977) Pleasure and pain in social comparison. Suls JM, Miller RL, eds. Social Comparison Processes: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives (Hemisphere, Washington, DC), 149–186.Google Scholar
• Brown J (2011) Quitters never win: The (adverse) incentive effects of competing with superstars. J. Polit. Econom. 119(5):982–1013.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Buser T (2016) The impact of losing in a competition on the willingness to seek further challenges. Management Sci. 62(12):3439–3449.Link, Google Scholar
• Buunk BP, Collins RL, Taylor SE, VanYperen NW, Dakof GA (1990) The affective consequences of social comparison: Either direction has its ups and downs. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 59(6):1238.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Calonico S, Cattaneo MD, Titiunik R (2014a) Robust nonparametric confidence intervals for regression-discontinuity designs. Econometrica 82:2295–2326.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Calonico S, Cattaneo MD, Titiunik R (2014b) Robust data-driven inference in the regression-discontinuity design. Stata J. 14(4):909–946.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Calonico S, Cattaneo MD, Titiunik R (2015) Optimal data-driven regression discontinuity plots. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 110(512):1753–1769.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Calonico S, Cattaneo MD, Titiunik R (2017) Rdrobust: Software for regression discontinuity designs. Stata J. 17(2):372–404.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Casas-Arce P, Martínez-Jerez FA (2009) Relative performance compensation, contests, and dynamic incentives. Management Sci. 55(8):1306–1320.Link, Google Scholar
• Cattaneo MD, Jansson M, Ma X (2020) Simple local polynomial density estimators. J. Amer. Statist. Association 115(531):1449–1455.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Connelly BL, Tihanyi L, Crook TR, Gangloff KA (2014) Tournament theory: Thirty years of contests and competitions. J. Management 40(1):16–47.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Croson R, Gneezy U (2009) Gender differences in preferences. J. Econom. Lit. 47:448–474.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Davis DD, Reilly RJ (1998) Do too many cooks always spoil the stew? An experimental analysis of rent-seeking and the role of a strategic buyer. Public Choice 95(1–2):89–115.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dechenaux E, Kovenock D, Sheremeta RM (2015) A survey of experimental research on contests, all-pay auctions and tournaments. Experiment. Econom. 18:609–669.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Eagly A, Karau S (2002) Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psych. Rev. 109(3):573–598.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Eckel CC, Grossman PJ (2002) Sex differences and statistical stereotyping in attitudes toward financial risk. Evolution Human Behav. 23:281–295.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Einav L (2005) Informational asymmetries and observational learning in search. J. Risk Uncertainty 30:241–259.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Estellés-Arolas E, González-Ladrón-De-Guevara F (2012) Towards an integrated crowdsourcing definition. J. Inform. Sci. 38(2):189–200.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Festinger L (1954) A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations 7:117–140.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fonseca M (2009) An experimental investigation of asymmetric contests. Internat. J. Indust. Organ. 27(5):582–591.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gneezy U, Rustichini A (2004) Gender and competition at a young age. Amer. Econom. Rev. 94:377–381.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gneezy U, Niederle M, Rustichini A (2003) Performance in competitive environments: Gender differences. Quart. J. Econom. 118:1049–1074.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Giebe T, Ivanova-Stenzel R, Kocher MG, Schudy S (2024) Cross-game learning and cognitive ability in auctions. Experiment. Econom. 27(1):80–108.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hahn J, Todd P, Van der Klaauw W (2001) Identification and estimation of treatment effects with a regression-discontinuity design. Econometrica 69:201–209.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Harstad RM (2000) Dominant strategy adoption and bidders’ experience with pricing rules. Experiment. Econom. 3:261–280.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hu M, Wang L (2021) Joint vs. separate crowdsourcing contests. Management Sci. 67(5):2711–2728.Link, Google Scholar
• Jehiel P (2005) Analogy-based expectation equilibrium. J. Econom. Theory 123(2):81–104.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kagel JH (1995) Cross-game learning: Experimental evidence from first-price and English common value auctions. Econom. Lett. 49:163–170.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kagel JH, Harstad RM, Levin D (1987) Information impact and allocation rules in auctions with affiliated private values: A laboratory study. Econometrica 55:1275–1304.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kahneman D, Tversky A (1979a) Prospect theory: An analysis of decisions under risk. Econometrica 47(2):263–292.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kahneman D, Tversky A (1979b) On the interpretation of intuitive probability: A reply to Jonathan Cohen. Cognition 7(4):409–411.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kalra A, Shi M (2001) Designing optimal sales contests: A theoretical perspective. Marketing Sci. 20(2):170–193.Link, Google Scholar
• Kirsch LS (1997) Portfolios of control modes and IS project management. Inform. Systems Res. 8(3):215–239.Link, Google Scholar
• Konrad KA (2009) Strategy and Dynamics in Contests (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Konrad KA, Lommerud KE (1993) Relative standing comparisons, risk taking, and safety regulations. J. Public Econom. 51(3):345–358.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lakhani KR, Wolf RG (2003) Why hackers do what they do: Understanding motivation and effort in free/open source software projects. Working paper, Harvard Business School, Boston.Google Scholar
• Lallemand T, Plasman R, Rycx F (2008) Women and competition in elimination tournaments. J. Sports Econom. 9(1):3–19.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lazear EP (1981) Agency, earnings profiles, productivity, and hours restrictions. Amer. Econom. Rev. 71(4):606–620.Google Scholar
• Lazear EP (1999) Personnel economics: Past lessons and future directions. J. Labor Econom. 17:199–236.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lazear EP, Rosen S (1981) Rank-order tournaments as optimum labor contracts. J. Polit. Econom. 89(5):841–864.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lee HCB, Ba S, Li X, Stallaert J (2018) Salience bias in crowdsourcing contests. Inform. Systems Res. 29(2):401–418.Link, Google Scholar
• Leimeister JM, Huber M, Bretschneider U, Krcmar H (2009) Leveraging crowdsourcing: Activation-supporting components for IT based ideas. J. Management Inform. Systems 26(1):197–224.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lerner J, Tirole J (2002) Some simple economics of open source. J. Indust. Econom. 50(2):197–234.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Li K, Xiao J, Wang Y, Wang Q (2013) Analysis of the key factors for software quality in crowdsourcing development: An empirical study on topcoder.com. 2013 IEEE 37th Annual Comput. Software Applications Conf. (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ), 812–817.Google Scholar
• Liang H, Wang MM, Wang JJ, Xue Y (2018) How intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives affect task effort in crowdsourcing contests: A mediated moderation model. Comput. Human Behav. 81:168–176.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Liu TX (2011) Sequential vs. simultaneous All-pay auction: An experimental study. Working paper, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
• McCrary J (2008) Manipulation of the running variable in the regression discontinuity design: A density test. J. Econometrics 142(2):698–714.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mithas S, Krishnan MS (2008) Human capital and institutional effects in the compensation of information technology professionals in the United States. Management Sci. 54(3):415–428.Link, Google Scholar
• Moldovanu B, Sela A (2001) The optimal allocation of prizes in contests. Amer. Econom. Rev. 91(3):542–558.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Moldovanu B, Sela A (2006) Contest architecture. J. Econom. Theory 126(1):70–96.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mueller-Langer F, Andreoli-Versbach P (2019) Leading-effect, risk-taking and sabotage in two-stage tournaments: Evidence from a natural experiment. Jahrbücher Nationalökonomie Statistik 237(1):1–28.Google Scholar
• Nalebuff BJ, Stiglitz JE (1983) Prizes and incentives: Towards a general theory of compensation and competition. Bell J. Econom. 14(1):21–43.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Niederle M, Vesterlund L (2007) Do women shy away from competition? Do men compete too much? Quart. J. Econom. 122:1067–1101.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Niederle M, Vesterlund L (2008) Gender differences in competition. Negotiation J. 24(4):447–463.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Niederle M, Vesterlund L (2011) Gender and competition. Annual Rev. Econom. 3:601–630.Crossref, Google Scholar
• O’Keeffe M, Viscusi WK, Zeckhauser RJ (1984) Economic contests: Comparative reward schemes. J. Labor Econom. 2(1):27–56.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Oprea R, Friedman D, Anderson ST (2009) Learning to wait: A laboratory investigation. Rev. Econom. Stud. 76(3):1103–1124.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Patel C, Husairi MA, Haon C, Oberoi P (2023) Monetary rewards and self-selection in design crowdsourcing contests: Managing participation, contribution appropriateness, and winning trade-offs. Tech. Forecasting Soc. Change 191:1–25.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Powell M, Ansic D (1997) Gender differences in risk behaviour in financial decision-making: An experimental analysis. J. Econom. Psych. 18:605–628.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Raymond ES (1998) Homesteading the Noosphere. First Monday 3(10), https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v3i10.621.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ritter BA, Yoder JD (2004) Gender differences in leader emergence persist even for dominant women: An updated confirmation of role congruity theory. Psych. Women Quart. 28(3):187–193.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Roberts JA, Hann I-H, Slaughter SA (2006) Understanding the motivations, participation, and performance of open source software developers: A longitudinal study of the Apache projects. Management Sci. 52(7):984–999.Link, Google Scholar
• Schotter A, Weigelt K (1992) Asymmetric tournaments, equal opportunity laws, and affirmative action: Some experimental results. Quart. J. Econom. 107(2):511–539.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Seligman ME (1972) Learned helplessness. Annual Rev. Medicine 23:407–412.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shah SK (2006) Motivation, governance, and the viability of hybrid forms in open source software development. Management Sci. 52(7):1000–1014.Link, Google Scholar
• Smith RH (2000) Assimilative and contrastive emotional reactions to upward and downward social comparisons. Suls J, Wheeler L. eds. Handbook of Social Comparison: Theory and Research (Plenum Publishers, New York), 173–200.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Spadoni L, Potters J (2018) The effect of competition on risk taking in contests. Games 9(3):72.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Spencer SJ, Logel C, Davies PG (2016) Stereotype threat. Annual Rev. Psych. 67:415–437.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Weigelt K, Dukerich J, Schotter A (1989) Reactions to discrimination in an incentive pay compensation scheme: A game-theoretic approach. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 44:26–44.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Williams JE, Best DL (1990) Measuring Sex Stereotypes: A Multination Study (Sage, Newbury Park, CA).Google Scholar
• Woodman T, Akehurst S, Hardy L, Beattie S (2010) Self-confidence and performance: A little Self-doubt helps. Psych. Sport Exercise 11(6):467–470.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Xu L, Nian T, Cabral L (2020) What makes geeks tick? A study of stack overflow careers. Management Sci. 66(2):587–604.Link, Google Scholar
• Yang J, Adamic LA, Ackerman MS (2008) Crowdsourcing and knowledge sharing: Strategic user behavior on taskcn. Proc. 9th ACM Conf. Electronic Commerce (Association for Computing Machinery, New York), 246–255.Google Scholar
• Zheng H, Li D, Hou W (2011) Task design, motivation, and participation in crowdsourcing contests. Internat. J. Electronic Commerce 15(4):57–88.Crossref, Google Scholar