Do Customer Emotions Affect Agent Speed? An Empirical Study of Emotional Load in Online Customer Contact Centers

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2020.0897

References

  • Allon G , Federgruen A , Pierson M (2011) How much is a reduction of your customers’ wait worth? An empirical study of the fast-food drive-thru industry based on structural estimation methods. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 13(4):489–507.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Anand KS , Paç MF , Veeraraghavan S (2011) Quality—speed conundrum: Trade-offs in customer-intensive services. Management Sci. 57(1):40–56.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Armony M , Ward A (2010) Fair dynamic routing in large-scale heterogeneous-server systems. Oper. Res. 58(3):624–637.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Ashtar S , Rafaeli A , Yom-Tob GB (2020) High-peak, low-peak, end and trend: The influence of features of emotions expressed by customers and employees on customer evaluations of frontline service. Working paper, Technion, Haifa, Israel.Google Scholar
  • Bakker AB , Demerouti E (2007) The job demands-resources model: State of the art. J. Management Psych. 22(3):309–328.Google Scholar
  • Beal DJ , Weiss HM , Barros E , MacDermid SM (2005) An episodic process model of affective influences on performance. J. Appl. Psych. 90(6):1054–1068.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Bray RL , Coviello D , Ichino A , Persico N (2016) Multitasking, multiarmed bandits, and the Italian judiciary. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 18(4):545–558.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Carmeli N , Yom-Tov GB , Mandelbaum A (2018) Multi-dimensional load: Balancing emotional and system load in service systems. Working paper, Technion, Haifa, Israel.Google Scholar
  • Casado Diaz AB , Más Ruíz FJ (2002) The consumer’s reaction to delays in service. Internat. J. Service Indust. Management 13(2):118–140.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Castellanos A , Yom-Tov GB , Goldberg Y (2019) Silent abandonment in contact centers: Estimating customer patience with uncertain data. Working paper, Technion, Haifa, Israel.Google Scholar
  • Cho DD , Bretthauer KM , Cattani KD , Mills AF (2019) Behavior aware service staffing. Production Oper. Management 28(5):1285–1304.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Dai H , Milkman KL , Hofmann DA , Staats BR (2015) The impact of time at work and time off from work on rule compliance: The case of hand hygiene in healthcare. J. Appl. Psych. 100(3):846–862.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Delasay M , Ingolfsson A , Kolfal B , Schultz K (2019) Load effect on service times. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 279(3):673–686.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ding Y , Park E , Nagarajan M , Grafstein E (2019) Patient prioritization in emergency department triage systems: An empirical study of the Canadian triage and acuity scale (CTAS). Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 21(4):723–741.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Donaldson SI , Grant-Vallone EJ (2002) Understanding self-report bias in organizational behavior research. J. Bus. Psych. 17(2):245–260.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Field JM , Victorino L , Buell RW , Dixon MJ , Meyer Goldstein S , Menor LJ , Pullman ME , Roth AV , Secchi E , Zhang JJ (2018) Service operations: What’s next? J. Service Management 29(1):55–97.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Fredrickson BL , Kahneman D (1993) Duration neglect in retrospective evaluations of affective episodes. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 65(1):45–55.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gabriel AS , Diefendorff JM (2015) Emotional labor dynamics: A momentary approach. Acad. Management J. 58(6):1804–1825.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Geddes D , Callister RR (2007) Crossing the line(s): A dual threshold model of anger in organizations. Acad. Management Rev. 32(3):721–746.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Goes PB , Ilk N , Lin M , Zhao JL (2018) When more is less: Field evidence on unintended consequences of multitasking. Management Sci. 64(7):3033–3054.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Goldberg LS , Grandey AA (2007) Display rules vs. display autonomy: Emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and task performance in a call center simulation. J. Occupational Health Psych. 12(3):301–318.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Grandey AA , Dickter DN , Sin HP (2004) The customer is not always right: Customer aggression and emotion regulation of service employees. J. Organ. Behav. 25(3):397–418.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Grandey AA , Rafaeli A , Ravid S , Wirtz J , Steiner DD (2010) Emotion display rules at work in the global service economy: The special case of the customer. J. Service Management 21(3):388–412.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Groth M , Hennig-Thurau T , Walsh G (2009) Customer reactions to emotional labor: The roles of employee acting strategies and customer detection accuracy. Acad. Management J. 52(5):958–974.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hareli S , Rafaeli A (2008) Emotion cycles: On the social influence of emotion in organizations. Res. Organ. Behav. 28:35–59.Google Scholar
  • Hayes AF (2018) Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach (Guilford Press, New York).Google Scholar
  • Hayes AF , Rockwood NJ (2020) Conditional process analysis: Concepts, computation, and advances in the modeling of the contingencies of mechanisms. Amer. Behav. Sci. 64(1):19–54.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Katz K , Larson B , Larson R (1991) Prescription for the waiting in line blues: Entertain, enlighten and engage. Sloan Management Rev. 32(2):44–53.Google Scholar
  • KC DS (2013) Does multitasking improve performance? Evidence from the emergency department. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 16(2):168–183.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • KC DS , Terwiesch C (2009) Impact of workload on service time and patient safety: An econometric analysis of hospital operations. Management Sci. 55(9):1486–1498.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Knutson B (1996) Facial expressions of emotion influence interpersonal trait inferences. J. Nonverbal Behav. 20(3):165–182.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Larson R (1987) Perspective on queues: Social justice and the psychology of queueing. Oper. Res. 35(6):895–905.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Maister D (1984) The Psychology of Waiting Lines (Harvard Business School, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
  • Mandelbaum A , Zeltyn S (2013) Data stories about (im)patient customers in tele-queues. Queueing Systems 75(2–4):115–146.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Mandelbaum A , Momcilovic P , Tseytlin Y (2012) On fair routing from emergency departments to hospital wards: QED queues with heterogeneous servers. Management Sci. 58(7):1273–1291.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Manski CF (1993) Identification of endogenous social effects: The reflection problem. Rev. Econom. Stud. 60(3):531–542.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Mohr LA , Bitner MJ (1995) The role of employee effort in satisfaction with service transactions. J. Bus. Res. 32(3):239–252.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Porath CL , Erez A (2007) Does rudeness really matter? The effects of rudeness on task performance and helpfulness. Acad. Management J. 50(5):1181–1197.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Rafaeli A , Sutton RI (1987) Expression of emotion as part of the work role. Acad. Management Rev. 12(1):23–37.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Rafaeli A , Ashtar S , Altman D (2019) Digital traces: New data, resources, and tools for psychological-science research. Current Directions Psych. Sci. 28(6):560–566.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Rafaeli A , Erez A , Ravid S , Derfler-Rozin R , Efrat-Treister D , Scheyer R (2012) When customers exhibit verbal aggression, employees pay cognitive costs. J. Appl. Psych. 97(5):931–950.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Rafaeli A , Altman D , Gremler DD , Huang M-H , Grewal D , Iyer B , Parsuraman A , de Ruyter K (2017) The future of frontline research: Invited commentaries. J. Service Res. 20(1):90–91.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Roels G (2014) Optimal design of coproductive services: Interaction and work allocation. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 16(4):578–594.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Socher R , Perelygin A , Wu J , Chuang J , Manning CD , Ng A , Potts C (2013) Recursive deep models for semantic compositionality over a sentiment treebank. Yarowsky D, Baldwin T, Korhoren A, Livescu K, Bethard S, eds. Proc. 2013 Conf. Empirical Methods Natural Language Processing (Association for Computational Linguistics, Seattle), 1631–1642.Google Scholar
  • Song H , Tucker AL , Murrell KL (2015) The diseconomies of queue pooling: An empirical investigation of emergency department length of stay. Management Sci. 61(12):3032–3053.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Sutton RI , Rafaeli A (1988) Untangling the relationship between displayed emotions and organizational sales: The case of convenience stores. Acad. Management J. 31(3):461–487.Google Scholar
  • Tan TF , Netessine S (2014) When does the devil make work? An empirical study of the impact of workload on worker productivity. Management Sci. 60(6):1574–1593.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Tausczik YR , Pennebaker JW (2010) The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. J. Language Soc. Psych. 29(1):24–54.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Taylor S (1994) Waiting for service: The relationship between delays and evaluations of service. J. Marketing 58(2):56–69.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Thelwall M (2017) The heart and soul of the web? Sentiment strength detection in the social web with SentiStrength. Holyst J, ed. Cyberemotions (Springer, Cham, Switzerland), 119–134.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Tiedens LZ (2001) Anger and advancement vs. sadness and subjugation: The effect of negative emotion expressions on social status conferral. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 80(1):86–94.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • van Kleef GA (2015) Social emotions life regulate the emotions as social information (EASI) model. Current Directions Psych. Sci. 18(3):184–188.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • van Kleef GA , De Dreu CKW , Manstead ASR (2004) The interpersonal effects of anger and happiness in negotiations. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 86(1):57–76.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Walker DD , van Jaarsveld DD , Skarlicki DP (2017) Sticks and stones can break my bones but words can also hurt me: The relationship between customer verbal aggression and employee incivility. J. Appl. Psych. 102(2):163–179.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Wang J , Zhou YP (2016) Impact of queue configuration on service time: Evidence from a supermarket. Management Sci. 64(7):3055–3075.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Wang M , Liao H , Zhan Y , Shi J (2011) Daily customer mistreatment and employee sabotage against customers: Examining emotion and resource perspectives. Acad. Management J. 54(2):312–334.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Wansbeek TJ , Meijer E (2000) Measurement Error and Latent Variables in Econometrics , vol. 37 (North-Holland, Amsterdam).Google Scholar
  • Weiss HM , Cropanzano R (1996) Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. Res. Organ. Behav. 18(1):1–74.Google Scholar
  • Yefenof J , Goldberg Y , Wiler J , Mandelbaum A , Ritov Y (2018) Self-reporting and screening: Data with current-status and censored observations. Working paper, Technion, Haifa.Google Scholar
  • Yom-Tov GB , Ashtar S , Altman D , Natapov M , Barkay N , Westphal M , Rafaeli A (2018) Customer sentiment in web-based service interactions: Automated analyses and new insights. Champin PA, Gandon F, Medini L, eds. WWW ’18 Companion: The 2018 Web Conference Companion, April 23–27 (ACM, New York).CrossrefGoogle Scholar
INFORMS site uses cookies to store information on your computer. Some are essential to make our site work; Others help us improve the user experience. By using this site, you consent to the placement of these cookies. Please read our Privacy Statement to learn more.