Observational vs. Experimental Data When Making Automated Decisions Using Machine Learning
Published Online:3 Jun 2025https://doi.org/10.1287/ijds.2023.0012
Volume 4, Issue 3
July-September 2025
Pages iii-vi, 197-282, ii
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- Received:June 19, 2023
- Accepted:March 21, 2025
- Published Online:June 03, 2025
Copyright © 2025 The Author(s)
Cite as
Carlos Fernández-Loría, Foster Provost (2025) Observational vs. Experimental Data When Making Automated Decisions Using Machine Learning. INFORMS Journal on Data Science 4(3):197-229.
https://doi.org/10.1287/ijds.2023.0012
Keywords
The authors thank their research assistant, Yanfang Hou, for her valuable contributions to this paper. Her assistance was instrumental in proving Lemma D.2 in the appendix and in implementing some of the code for Sections 4 and 6. The authors also thank the Fubon Center and Ira Rennert for supporting research on data science at NYU/Stern.
