Gender Differences in Willingness to Guess

Katherine Baldiga
Katherine Baldiga
[email protected]
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
Search for more papers by this author

Katherine Baldiga

[email protected]

Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210

Search for more papers by this author

Published Online:7 Oct 2013https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2013.1776

Supplemental Material

mnsc.2013.1776-sm-data.zip (103 KB)

Cited by
- The Gender Gap in Financial Literacy—The Role of Response Behavior
  3 April 2026 | Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 60, No. 2
- Gendered performance in competitions: Learning from a Korean quiz show
  7 May 2026
- A Comparison of Traditional and Non-traditional True-False Measures in a Business Task
  23 April 2026 | International Journal of Business and Social Science Research
- Women and willingness to guess: an investigation using a high-stake test in the Spanish health sector
  10 March 2026 | SERIEs, Vol. 60
- Gender differences in willingness to guess revisited: Heterogeneity in a high stakes professional setting
  Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 242
- Certainty-based marking in multiple-choice assessments in physiology: a web-based implementation using an AI assistant
  Advances in Physiology Education, Vol. 49, No. 4
- Information Frequency, Value, and Difficulty as Sources of Social Inequality: Competitive Imbalances on Jeopardy!
  6 July 2025 | Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 88, No. 4
- Gender, knowledge and resilience in evaluation processes
  Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, Vol. 10, No. 6
- Hedging-based scoring rules for multiple-choice questions
  Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 237
- Does Increasing the Riskiness of Choices Widen Gender Gaps?
  Samuel D. Hirshman,
  Alexander Willén
  22 November 2024 | Management Science, Vol. 71, No. 8
- Gender wage gaps in Chinese corporate hierarchies: Low at the top, higher at the bottom
  15 July 2025 | Australian Journal of Management, Vol. 118
- Gender and Political Expression among International Relations Scholars and the Public
  27 June 2025 | Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 16
- Best Practices for Leveraging PISA CT Data to Understand Gender Differences in Creative Thinking
  25 May 2025 | The Journal of Creative Behavior, Vol. 59, No. 2
- Women don't avoid competition, they avoid competing against men: Experimental evidence from Kenya
  Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, Vol. 116
- Gender Gaps in Access to Medical Intern Positions: The Role of Competition
  5 May 2025 | Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 4
- Who prefers guessing to admitting They Don't Know? Measurement error in financial literacy surveys
  Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 233
- Equity illusions
  28 July 2023 | The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Vol. 41, No. 1
- Differences in Time Usage as a Competing Hypothesis for Observed Group Differences in Accuracy with an Application to Observed Gender Differences in PISA Data
  1 November 2024 | Journal of Educational Measurement, Vol. 61, No. 4
- Mathematics self-concept and response pattern in higher education examinations: differences between genders
  22 June 2024 | Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, Vol. 49, No. 8
- Gender Differences in Math Tests: the Role of Time Pressure
  13 June 2024 | The Economic Journal, Vol. 134, No. 664
- Performance on curriculum-based mathematics assessments in developmental dyscalculia: the effect of content domain and question format
  8 August 2024 | Psychological Research, Vol. 88, No. 8
- The Modifying Effects of Response Style on the Criterion-Related Validity of a Curriculum-Based Measure
  18 June 2024 | Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, Vol. 42, No. 7
- Examining gender differences in the use of multidimensional forced‐choice measures of personality in terms of test‐taker reactions and test fairness
  28 February 2024 | Human Resource Development Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 3
- Ask a Question and Get an Answer: a Study of the Framing Effect on Financial Literacy in Italy
  20 October 2023 | Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Vol. 15, No. 3
- Concepts and Calculations: Gender Differences in Willingness to Guess
  Journal of Human Capital, Vol. 18, No. 3
- Examining Gender Differences in TIMSS 2019 Using a Multiple‐Group Hierarchical Speed‐Accuracy‐Revisits Model
  24 April 2024 | Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, Vol. 43, No. 3
- What to Blame? Self-Serving Attribution Bias with Multi-Dimensional Uncertainty
  5 March 2024 | The Economic Journal, Vol. 134, No. 661
- Stereotypes and Belief Updating
  30 October 2023 | Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 22, No. 3
- Gender equality: opportunities and challenges for the OR community
  29 April 2024 | Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 75, No. 6
- Women lean back when representing others in competitions
  Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, Vol. 109
- Disruptive innovation in effective learning systems: the impact of personalized instructor-created software-aided assessments to increase retention and knowledge
  16 January 2023 | International Journal of Innovation Science, Vol. 16, No. 1
- Gender gaps in financial literacy: a multi-arm RCT to break the response bias in surveys
- Sensitivity and Courage: A Social and Cultural Analysis of Esther 4:13–5:8
  29 February 2024
- Gender Bias in Closed-Ended Questions with Negative Points
  29 October 2024
- „Ich weiß, was ich nicht weiß“ – Geschlechterunterschiede beim politischen Wissen
  3 May 2024
- Exploring the Multifaceted Challenges of Women in Engineering: A Comprehensive Literature Review
  IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. 71
- Gender differences in performance under different evaluation schemes and the leaky pipeline in economics
  1 January 2024 | Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo), Vol. 54, No. 4
- Gender gaps in financial literacy: a multi-arm RCT to break the response bias in surveys
  1 January 2024 | SSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 137
- Effects of response format on achievement and aptitude assessment results: multi-level random effects meta-analyses
  3 May 2023 | Royal Society Open Science, Vol. 10, No. 5
- Find the Mistake!
  Journal of Individual Differences, Vol. 44, No. 2
- Test Taking Strategies
  2 March 2021 | Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities, Vol. 28, No. 3, 1
- What’s in That Medicine: An Inquiry-Based Activity to Introduce Medicinally Active Natural Products and Metals
  3 December 2022 | Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 100, No. 1
- Examining patterns of omitted responses in a large-scale English language proficiency test
  12 May 2022 | International Journal of Testing, Vol. 23, No. 1
- Gender and Preferences in the Labor Market: Insights from Experiments
  5 November 2022
- Optimal Test Design for Knowledge-based Screening
  1 January 2023 | SSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 60
- Gender Gaps in Financial Literacy: A Multi-Arm Rct to Break the Response Bias in Surveys
  1 January 2023 | SSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 137
- Gender differences at mathematics competitions in the Republic of Serbia
  Inovacije u nastavi, Vol. 36, No. 3
- Gender differences in financial literacy among teenagers - Can confidence bridge the gap?
  10 November 2022 | Cogent Economics & Finance, Vol. 10, No. 1
- Gender gap variation across assessment types: Explanations and implications
  Economics of Education Review, Vol. 91
- The effects of exam frames on student effort and performance
  Economics of Education Review, Vol. 90
- Understanding performance in test taking: The role of question difficulty order
  Economics of Education Review, Vol. 90
- The effect of domain and framing on elicited risk aversion
  26 September 2022 | PLOS ONE, Vol. 17, No. 9
- Framing effects on risk-taking behavior: evidence from a field experiment in multiple-choice tests
  14 March 2025 | Experimental Economics, Vol. 25, No. 4
- Gender differences in time allocation contribute to differences in developmental outcomes in children and adolescents
  Economics of Education Review, Vol. 89
- Take a Chance on STEM: Risk-Taking Buffers Negative Effects of Stereotype Threat
  24 November 2020 | The Journal of Experimental Education, Vol. 90, No. 3
- Exploring the Associations of the Bicycle Drawing Test (BDT) on Text-Based and Graphical Assessments in Undergraduate-Level Economics Courses
  1 July 2021 | College Teaching, Vol. 70, No. 3
- Selection in the Presence of Implicit Bias: The Advantage of Intersectional Constraints
  20 June 2022
- Competing now and then: The effects of delay on competitiveness across gender
  Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 198
- Student performance and loss aversion*
  20 May 2022 | The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Vol. 124, No. 2
- Fictional Money, Real Costs: Impacts of Financial Salience on Disadvantaged Students
  American Economic Review, Vol. 112, No. 3
- Preferences for Hedging in Multiple-Choice Tests
  SSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 133
- The Gender Gap in Math: What are We Measuring?
  SSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 114
- Concepts and Calculations: Gender Differences in Willingness to Guess
  SSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 20
- Learning from Repeaters: Gender Differences in Behaviour Under Pressure
  SSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 14
- Wheels of Change: Transforming Girls' Lives with Bicycles
  SSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 103
- Stereotypes in financial literacy: Evidence from PISA
  Journal of Corporate Finance, Vol. 71
- Gender differences under test pressure and their impact on academic performance: A quasi-experimental design
  Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 191
- Gender differences in leaving questions blank on high-stakes standardized tests
  Economics of Education Review, Vol. 84
- Math anxiety and perfectionistic concerns in multiple-choice assessment
  26 October 2020 | Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, Vol. 46, No. 6
- Girls’ and boys’ performance in competitions: What we can learn from a Korean quiz show
  Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 187
- Certainty-Based Marking on Multiple-Choice Items: Psychometrics Meets Decision Theory
  1 January 2025 | Psychometrika, Vol. 86, No. 2
- L’Intelligence artificielle au service de la lutte contre les discriminations dans le recrutement : nouvelles promesses et nouveaux risques
  Management & Avenir, Vol. N° 122, No. 2
- From Online Political Posting to Mansplaining : The Gender Gap and Social Media in Political Discussion
  3 September 2019 | Social Science Computer Review, Vol. 39, No. 2
- Network-Biased Technical Change: How Modern Digital Collaboration Tools Overcome Some Biases but Exacerbate Others
  Lynn Wu,
  Gerald C. Kane
  20 January 2021 | Organization Science, Vol. 32, No. 2
- Importance of domain-specific metacognition for explaining beliefs about politicized science: The case of climate change
  Cognition, Vol. 208
- Test preparation: an international comparison of test takers’ preferences
  25 July 2019 | Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, Vol. 28, No. 1
- Diverse Policy Committees Can Reach Underrepresented Groups
  SSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 115
- Equity Illusions
  SSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 137
- Gender and Choice over Co-workers: Experimental Evidence
  SSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 66
- Brave boys and play-it-safe girls: Gender differences in willingness to guess in a large scale natural field experiment
  European Economic Review, Vol. 131
- Misperceived Social Norms: Women Working Outside the Home in Saudi Arabia
  American Economic Review, Vol. 110, No. 10
- Gender bias in standardized tests: evidence from a centralized college admissions system
  11 March 2019 | Empirical Economics, Vol. 59, No. 2
- The Gender-bias Effect of Test Scoring and Framing: A Concern for Personnel Selection and College Admission
  6 May 2020 | The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, Vol. 20, No. 3
- Women in STEM: does college boost their performance?
  28 August 2019 | Higher Education, Vol. 79, No. 5
- Navigating barriers faced by women in leadership positions in the US construction industry: a retrospective on women’s continued struggle in a male-dominated industry
  European Journal of Training and Development, Vol. 44, No. 6/7
- The impact of penalties for wrong answers on the gender gap in test scores
  6 April 2020 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 117, No. 16
- Knowing When to Ask: The Cost of Leaning In
  Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 128, No. 3
- Effects of Response Format on Psychometric Properties and Fairness of a Matrices Test: Multiple Choice vs. Free Response
  20 February 2020 | Frontiers in Education, Vol. 5
- Financial Knowledge and “Don't Know” Response
  14 August 2019 | Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 53, No. 4
- Examining gender effects in different types of undergraduate science assessment
  25 July 2019 | Irish Educational Studies, Vol. 38, No. 4
- The accuracy of German citizens’ confidence in their climate change knowledge
  9 September 2019 | Nature Climate Change, Vol. 9, No. 10
- Detection of Gender-Biased Items in the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
  5 May 2019 | Languages, Vol. 4, No. 2
- Competitive Pressure Widens the Gender Gap in Performance: Evidence from a Two-stage Competition in Mathematics
  17 April 2019 | The Economic Journal, Vol. 129, No. 620
- Serial Position Effects on Native Advertising Effectiveness: Differential Results Across Publisher and Advertiser Metrics
  11 December 2018 | Journal of Marketing, Vol. 83, No. 2
- The heterogeneous effect of affirmative action on performance
  Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 158
- Gender effects in the credence goods market: An experimental study
  Economics Letters, Vol. 174
- The instability of matching with overconfident agents
  Games and Economic Behavior, Vol. 113
- Addressing Cultural and Gender Project Bias
- Elimination testing with adapted scoring reduces guessing and anxiety in multiple-choice assessments, but does not increase grade average in comparison with negative marking
  2 October 2018 | PLOS ONE, Vol. 13, No. 10
- Multiple true–false items: a comparison of scoring algorithms
  30 November 2017 | Advances in Health Sciences Education, Vol. 23, No. 3
- The successful test taker: exploring test-taking behavior profiles through cluster analysis
  7 April 2017 | European Journal of Psychology of Education, Vol. 33, No. 2
- Gender differences in willingness to compete and answering multiple-choice questions—The role of age
  Economics Letters, Vol. 164
- Misperceived Social Norms: Female Labor Force Participation in Saudi Arabia
  SSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 115
- Gender Differences Under Test Pressure and Their Impact on Academic Performance: A Quasi-Experimental Design
  SSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 14
- Pursuing Quality: How Search Costs and Uncertainty Magnify Gender-based Double Standards in a Multistage Evaluation Process
  14 February 2017 | Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 62, No. 4
- Sex differences in confidence influence patterns of conformity
  11 November 2016 | British Journal of Psychology, Vol. 108, No. 4
- ‘Acting Wife’: Marriage Market Incentives and Labor Market Investments
  American Economic Review, Vol. 107, No. 11
- Shying away from demanding tasks? Experimental evidence on gender differences in answering multiple-choice questions
  Economics of Education Review, Vol. 59
- Group differences in test-taking behaviour: an example from a high-stakes testing program
  11 May 2016 | Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, Vol. 24, No. 1
- Women in the Boardroom: Reflecting the Changing Gender Demographics of Dentists
  7 March 2023 | Journal of the California Dental Association, Vol. 45, No. 1
- Addressing Cultural and Gender Project Bias
- Gender differences in preferences for taking risk in college applications
  Economics of Education Review, Vol. 52
- Affirmative Action and Stereotype Threat
  SSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 335
- Sexism, Statements, and Audits
  SSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 51

Volume 60, Issue 2

February 2014

Pages iv-vii, 265-540

Article Information

Supplemental Material

Metrics

Information

Received:December 17, 2012
Accepted:May 08, 2013
Published Online:October 07, 2013

Cite as

Katherine Baldiga (2013) Gender Differences in Willingness to Guess. Management Science 60(2):434-448.

https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2013.1776

Keywords

PDF download

Available Issues

Available Issues

Available Issues

Available Issues

Available Issues

Available Issues

Available Issues

Available Issues

Available Issues

Gender Differences in Willingness to Guess

Supplemental Material

Volume 60, Issue 2

Article Information

Supplemental Material

Metrics

Information

Cite as

Keywords

Sign Up for INFORMS Publications Updates and News