Keeping Invention Confidential

The authors thank the department editor, Toby Stuart, as well as the associate editor and three reviewers, Ashish Arora, Victor Bennett, Raffaele Conti, Nilanjana Dutt, Andrea Fosfuri, Alfonso Gambardella, Hong Luo, Matt Marx, Elena Novelli, Anastasia Shcherbakova, and Rosemarie Ziedonis as well as seminar participants at University of Amsterdam, University of Bath, University of Bern, Bocconi University, Boston University, Copenhagen Business School, Exeter Business School, ESADE, Fuqua (Duke), IE, IESE, Imperial, INSEAD, London Business School, LMU, SPRU (Sussex), and the University of Utah, as well as conference session attendees at AOM, Austin Technology and Entrepreneurship Conference, Baltic Economic Association, DRUID, EVIS, EPIP, Mannheim Virtual IO seminar, Munich Summer Institute, SEI faculty workshop, SIE virtual workshop, SMS, Summer School on Data and Algorithms for STI Studies, Strategy Science, Vienna Strategy Conference, TPRI IP Day, Wharton Technology and Innovation Conference, and Women in Strategy and Entrepreneurship Research for their helpful feedback. The authors also thank Rahul Kapoor and Peter Murmann for sharing their fracturing patent categorization, Lorenzo Bernardini for interview assistance, and Derek Hoff for copyediting assistance.