The Effects of Real-Time Feedback on Effort and Performance: Evidence from a Natural Quasi-Experiment

The authors thank the DFB and especially Jochen Drees and Alexander Ernst, for providing access to proprietary data on referees’ physical performance, as well as providing helpful discussions and comments regarding the institutional setting. The authors are grateful to five anonymous DFB referees for sharing their experiences during the interviews. The authors also appreciate helpful comments and suggestions from Ranjani Krishnan (Department Editor), the anonymous Associate Editor, two anonymous reviewers, Rob Bloomfield, Jan Bouwens, Laura Breuer, Brian Cadman, Eddy Cardinaels, Pablo Casas-Arce, Gavin Cassar, Henry Eyring, Christoph Feichter, Isabella Grabner, Christian Hofmann, Sven Hörner, Martin Jacob, Otto Janschek, Alexandra Klein, Stephan Kramer, Matthias Mahlendorf, Cardin Masselink, Mike Minnis, Max Müller, Chris Paparcuri, Victor van Pelt, Christina Ruiz, Erik Peek, Evelien Reusen, Marcel van Rinsum, Utz Schäffer, Jee-Eun Shin, Marshall Vance, Timo Vogelsang, and Georg Wernicke; seminar participants at Erasmus Center for Applied Sports Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, LMU Munich, Vienna University of Economics and Business, and WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management; and conference participants at the 2020 New Directions in Management Accounting Conference, the 2021 EAA Annual Meeting, and the 2022 AAA MAS Midyear Meeting. Silja Bienert, Radu Cozmita, Moritz Dahlmeier, Eric Dölle, and Lasse Nissen provided excellent research assistance. All errors are the authors’ own.