Beyond IID: Data-Driven Decision Making in Heterogeneous Environments

Omar Besbes
Omar Besbes
[email protected]
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2982-3794
Graduate School of Business, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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Will Ma
Corresponding Author
Will Ma
[email protected]
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2420-4468
Graduate School of Business, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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Omar Mouchtaki
Omar Mouchtaki
[email protected]
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1734-9247
NYU Stern School of Business, New York, New York 10012
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Omar Besbes

[email protected]

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2982-3794

Graduate School of Business, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027

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,

Corresponding Author

Will Ma

[email protected]

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2420-4468

Graduate School of Business, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027

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,

Omar Mouchtaki

[email protected]

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1734-9247

NYU Stern School of Business, New York, New York 10012

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Published Online:7 May 2025https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.03448

Supplemental Material

mnsc.2022.03448.sm1.pdf

cover image Management Science

Volume 71, Issue 12

December 2025

Pages vii-x, 9869-10753, iv-vi

Article Information

Supplemental Material

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Information

Received:November 07, 2022
Accepted:March 02, 2025
Published Online:May 07, 2025

Copyright © 2025, INFORMS

Cite as

Omar Besbes, Will Ma, Omar Mouchtaki (2025) Beyond IID: Data-Driven Decision Making in Heterogeneous Environments. Management Science 71(12):10538-10555.

https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.03448

Keywords

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the editor, the associate editor, as well as three anonymous referees for valuable suggestions that led to significant improvements in the final version of the paper.